XI (PiERKE Roger), Pope, born in 1329 at Mau- mont, in France, was ne])hew to Clement VI, who made him cardinal at eighteen years of age, and gave him many rich benefices. He was elected pope De- cember 30, 1370, and removed the papal court from Avignon to Rome in 1377. Wicliffe visited tliis pope at Avignon, and went back to England disgusted with the vices of the priesthood. Gregory opposed all "heresies" violently; he condemned Raj'mond Lull (q. v.) and his doctrines by a bull dated January 25, 1376, caused the burning of Jeanne Daubenton, and 'condemned the writings of Wiclift'e. His pontificate •was marked by gross nepotism. He died suddenly, March 28, 1378. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gm. xxi, 817,
XII (Angelo Corraro), Pope, a Venetian, was elected pope Nov. 30, 140G, by the Roman cardinals, during the Western strife, while his rival Benedict XIII occupied the chair at Avignon. After long quarrels, both popes ivere deposed by the Council of Pisa, 1409, but Gregory did not 3'ield until the assembling of the Council of Constance, when he formallj' resigned (1415). He was made dean of the cardinals, and died Oct. 18, 1417, aged 92. — Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 821.
XIII (Ugo Bdoxcompagno), Pope, born in 1502 at Bologna, succeeded Pius V Ma}' 13, 1572. He was one of the most learned priests of his time, especially in civil and canonical law. He was a man of. mild temper and jovial habits, yet his pontificate is stained by his relations to tlie bloodj' massacre of St. Bar- tholomew (which he openly approved by a solemn Te iJeum, and by striking medals in honor of it), and by his participation in a treasonable plot against queen Elizabeth. His reign was agitated and un- quiet throughout, and, amid the confusions caused by liis attempts to confiscate many of the estates of the Italian nobles, he died, April 10, 1585. His reform of the calendar, however, will carry his name down to the latest posterity. — Mosheim, Church Hist. cent, xvi, sec. iii, pt. i, ch. i, n. 28 ; Ranke, History of Papacy, i, 307 sq. See Calendar.
XIV (NicoLO Sfondrati), Pope, was elected by the influence of the Jesuit party, Dec. 5, 1590. His short reign was taken up chiefly in eftbrts to sustain the league in France against Henry IV. He died Oct. 15, 1591. — Ranke, Hist, of Papacy, i, 536.
XV (Alessandro Ludovisi), Pope, was bom at Bologna, 1553, made pope Feb. 9, 1621, and died July 18, 1623. With the aid of his nephew, cardinal Ludo- vico, he signalized his brief reign bj' several measures of great importance to the Roman Church. He urged on emperor Ferdinand to exterminate Protestantism from the emi)ire ; he established the College of the Propaganda [see Propaganda] ; and he gi'eatly in- creased the missionary enterprises of Rome in South America, Abyssinia, China, and India. The dominion of the Church was more widely extended in his reign than at any former period of her historj'. — Ranke, Hist, of Papacy, ii, 64 sq.
XVI(Bartolommeo Alberto Capellari), Pope, was born at Belluno, Sept. 18, 1765. He l)ecame a Ca- maldolite Benedictine under the name of Afauro, and at twenty-five years was made professor of theology. In 1799 he published the Triumph of the Holy See and of the Church (Rome, 4to), a treatise vindicating the abso- lute power of the popes. In 1801 he became abbot of his monastery, and in 1803 general of his order. He was made cardinal and prefect of the propaganda in 1826. On the death of Leo XII he was elected pope, Feb. 2, 1831. His reign fell in a stornn' time. Imme- diately after his accession revolts occurred in several
of the papal provinces. Bologna took the lead ; the commotion spread swiftly from Bologna throughout Romagna, and soon reached all parts of the pope's do- minions except the metropolitan cit}'. The intention of the insurgents was to put an end forever to the tem- poral sovereignty of the pope, and to unite the states of Italy. But the movement was not well contrived ; it was simply a spontaneous burst of enthusiasm, ex- cited by the French Revolution of 1830. Yet so utterly powerless and detested was the pontifical government, that, left to itself, it could not have survived the shock of even this unorganized insurrection. Austria poured troops into the disaffected provinces, and quickly si- lenced the tumult. It was evident, however, that agi- tations like these could only be jjrevented by timely concessions, and the powers of Europe united to recom- mend this course to the pope, in order that a " new tera" (as cardinal Bernetti, the papal secretary, said) might commence with the popedom of Gregory XVI. The neiD cera was slow in arriving. The papal govern- ment, as usual, forgot its promises as soon as the dan- ger was past. Indignant remonstrances, and partial attempts at revolt, rapidly followed hj confiscations, imprisonments, and exiles, rapidly led the way to a complete relapse into the old system of misgovernment and stead}' suppression of free thought. The Papal St;ites were now the only part of civilized Europe in which municipal institutions were unknown, and where the laity were wholly excluded from the conduct of public affiurs. For many j-ears the people were busy in plotting revolutions, and the government in practi- cing espionage on the largest scale, suddenl}' searching suspected houses, punishing the suspected without trial, and every way embittering the spirit of hostility. Plans were formed by the exiled patriots to unite all Italy in a confederation for freedom, but these plans were discovered and destroj'ed by the Austrian police before thej' were ripe for execution. All Europe look- ed on with pity, but no state offered to interfere, lest commotions in lia\y should lead to disturbances else- where. The banished Italians themselves, in a mani- festo which they published in 1845, declared that the enormities of Gregory's government had risen to such a height "that each one of them more than sufficed to give the right of loudly protesting against his breach of faith, his trampling ujion justice, his torturing hu- man nature, and all the excesses of his tyranny." In fact, the whole pontificate of Gregory was one long oppression of his subjects. At its termination there were between two and three thousand political prison- ers in the papal dungeons !