GRIEF
1008
GRIESBACH
Ticlent outburst of sorrow, in the instantaneous over- flow of lamentation, they wrung their hands above the head (2 Sam. xiii, 19), or beat the breast with them (Nah. ii, S ; Luke xviii, 13; conip. Joseph. Ant. xvi, 7, 5 : ISO, KoTrrfdS'ot ; see Homer, 11. ii, 700 : Herodotus, ii, 85 ; Lu- cian, Luct. 12 ; Appian, Pun. 43 ; Virgil, ^n. iv, 673 ; xii, 871 ; Mar- tial, ii, 11, 5 ; Petron. Ill), or smote them upon the thit;h (Jer. xxxi, 19; comp. Poh'b. XV, 27, 11; Hom. Odi/s. An nncient Ksyptian woman em- xiii, 198; F]a.ut.TrucuL bracing and weeping before her .. ^ ,„ . DoUfftaei
husband's mummy. "' '' ^'^' ^®^ i^ougraei
Analect. i, 274) or on the head (Josephus, ^ w/. xvi, 10, 7), tore the beard and hair (Ezra ix, 3 ; Job i, 20 ; comp. Joseph. Ant. xv, 3, 9 ; xvi, 7, 5 ; Barhebr. Chron. p. 256 ; Virgil, yEn. xii, 870 ; Ovid, Met. xi, 746 ; Apul. Met. ix, p. 212, Bip. ; Curtius, iii, 11, 25; Petron. Ill, 113; Martial, ii, 11, 5), strewed ashes (see Carpzov, De cinenim ap, Hehr. usu, maroris atque luctus nKfxtjpiiiJ, Rost. 1739) on the head (1 Sam. iv, 12 ; 2 Sam. i, 2 ; xiii, 19 ; xv, 32 ; Neh. ix, 1; Ezek. xxvii, 30; Lam. ii, 10; Job ii, 11; 1 Mace. iii, 47 ; iv, 39 ; xi, 71 ; 2 Mace, x, 26 ; xiv, 15 ; Judith ix, 1 ; 3 Mace, iv, 6 ; Rev. xviii, 19 ; Josephus, War, ii, 12, 5 ; 15, 4 ; Ant. xx, 6, 1 ; comp. Homer, II. xviii, 23 sq. ; xxiv, 164 ; Eurip. Suppl. 827 ; Ilecub. 496 ; Died. Sic. i, 72, 91 ; Lucian, Luct. 12 ; Apulej. Metam. ix, p. 212, Bip. ; see Burckhardt, IVubta, p. 475 ; Irwin, Trav. p. 303, 307; Kirchnmnn, Be J'uner. Rom. i'l, 12; Mishna, Taanith, ii, 1), or rolled themselves in dust and ashes (Ezek. xxvii, 30 ; comp. Homer, II. xxii, 414 ; xxiv, 640 ; Lucian, Luct, 12), tore the garments (see Hede- niis. Be scissione vest. Ebrceis ac gentibus iisifata, Jen. 1663 ; also in Ugolini Tkes. xxix ; Wichmannshausen, Be laceratione vestium ap. Hehr. Viteb. 1716 ; also in Ugolino, xxxiii : this rending, however, had certain restrictions, Otho, Lex. Rahh. p. 360 ; see also Ugolino, Be sacerdotio, ch. vi, in his Thesaur. xiii) from their breast (Gen. xxxvii, 29 ; xliv, 13 ; Judges xi, 36 ; 1 Sam. iv, 12 ; 2 Sam. i, 2, 11 ; iii, 31 ; 1 Kings xxi, 27 ; 2 Kings iv, 8; vi, 30; xi, 14; xix, 1; xxii, 11, 19; Ezra ix, 3; Esth. iv, 1 ; 1 Mace, ii, 14; iii, 47; iv, 39 ; v, 14 ; xi, 71 ; xiii, 45 ; Judith xiv, 13, 15 ; Jer. xii, 5 ; Ep. Jer. 30 ; Joseph. War, ii, 15, 2 and 4 ; Acts xiv, 14 ; Mishna, Moed Katon, iii, 7 ; Shab. xiii, 3 ; comp. Barhebr. Chron. p. 256 ; Herod, iii, 66 ; viii, 99 ; Lucian, Luct. 12 ; Achil. Tat. iv, 0 ; Curtius, iii, 11, 25 ; iv, 10, 23 ; v, 12, 13, 31 ; x, 5, 17 ; Sueton. Cms. 33 ; Ner-o, 42 ; Dougtaei Analect. i, 118 ; Arvieux, iii, 282), lacerated even their face and bod}' (Jer. xvi, 6 ; xii, 5 ; xlvii, 5 ; Ezek. xxiv, 17 ; comp. Appian, Pun. 46; Virgil, yEn. iv, 673 ; xii, 871 ; Cicero, Letj. ii, 23, 59 ; Petron. xvi, 111 ; Riippell, Abyss, ii, 57), though this last (see Wich- mannshausen, Be corpore scissuris figiirisque non crite- tando, Viteb. ; Jlichaelis, Be incisura propter mortuos, in his Obscrv. sacr. Arnhem. 1752, p. 131 sq.) was for- bidden by the Mosaic law (Lev. xix, 28 ; Deut. xiv, 1 sq.), as it was in the twelve Roman tables (Cie. Lcff. ii, 23 sq.). These marks of deep grief were usually coml)ined together. At protracted and regularly ap- pointed seasons of mourning (for the deceased), persons were accustomed to fast (q. v.), put on mourning- weeds [see Sackcloth], cover up the lower part of the countenance (Ezek. xxiv, 17, 22 ; IMicah .iii, 7 ; comp. Esth. vii, 8) or the entire head (2 Sam. xv, 30 ; xix, 4 ; Jer. xiv, 3, 4 ; Homer' Oc?. iv, 154 ; viii, 92), neglect to wash and anoint themselves (comp. Diod. Sic, i, 72 and 91), or cleanse their clothes (2 Sam. xiv,
2 ; xix, 24 ; comp. 2 Sam. xii, 20 ; Dan. x, 3 ; Judith X, 2 sq.), and abstain from all ornament (Ezek. xxvi, 16 [compare xxiv, 17]; Jonah iii, 6; Judith x, 3; comp. Homer, II. xxii, 468 ; Lycophron, Cissaiid. 862 ; Livj', ix, 7 ; xxxiv, 7 ; Sueton. Oclav. 100), even lay- ing aside their shoes (2 Sam. xv, 30 ; Ezek. xxiv, 17, 23), and, as a special token of humiliation, shearing off the beard and hair, the pride of an Oriental (Isa. xv, 2 ; Jer. vii, 29 ; xvi, 6 ; xii, 5 ; xlviii, 37 ; Ep. Jer. 12 ; Amos viii, 10 ; Micah i, 16 ; Ezek. vii, 18 ; xxvii, 31 ; comp. Homer, //. xxiii, 46 sq. ; Od. iv, 197 ; xxiv, 45 sq. ; Euripid. Orest. 458 ; Alcest. 427 ; Diod. Sic. i, 84 ; yEiian, V. H. vii, 8 ; Herod, iv, 71 ; ix, 24 ; Cur- tius, X, 5, 17 ; Sueton. Calig. 5 ; Ovid, Ars. Am. iii, 38). In deep grief they also seated or lay themselves on the ground (2 Sam. xii, 16 ; xiii, 31 ; Isa. iii, 20 ; xlvii, 1 [Ezek. viii, 14] ; Jonah iii, 6 ; Neh. i, 4 ; Job ii, 8 ; xvi, 15 ; Matt, xi, 21, etc. ; comp. Josephus, Ant. xix, 8, 2 ; Philo, 0pp. ii, 519 ; Homer, II. xviii, 20 ; see Kype, Observ. i, 261). Mourning usually lasted seven days (1 Sam. xxxi, 13 ; 1 Chron. x, 12 ; Judith xvi, 29 ; Sirach xxii, 12; Joseph. Ant. xvii, 8, 4; comp. Heliod. vii, 11 ; Lucian, Bea Si/r. 52 sq. ; see Movers, Phonic. p. 200) ; in extraordinary cases, longer (Numb, xx, 29 ; Deut. xxi, 18 ; Joseph. War, iii, 9, 5). Wealthy per- sons were accustomed to hire professional mourning v.'omen (rilSlpT^, pnrjiccE, Jer. ix, 16), who littered loud wailing cries in the house and at the grave during the days of mourning (2 Chron. xxxv, 25), often in re- sponsive chants {Moed Katon, iii, 8), and with instru- mental accompaniment (Chd. xvi, 7). The same cus- tom is well known to have prevailed among the Greeks (see Potter, Antiq. ii, 407 sq.) and Romans. On the usages of the modern East, see IMayr, Schicksale, ii, 87. Public mourning was instituted upon general calami- ties ; the Jews were also obliged to take part in lamen- tation for the death of (heathen) rulers (Philo, 0pp. ii, 525 ; comp. Livy, ix, 7). It was a peculiarity of Per- sian usage that no mourner could enter the royal pal- ace (Esth. iv, 2), such probably being regarded as un- cleanl}' by the Zend religion (Creuzer, Symbol, i, 712). See generally Geier, Be Ehneorum luciu htr/entiumque rltibus (Lips. 1656 ; ed. by Kail, Hafn. 1745 ; also in Ugolini Thesaur. xxxiii) ; Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. S90 ; on the Grecian usages, Nicolai, Be luctu Gracorum (Marb. 1698), and Lange, Ohscrratt. sacr. p. 346 sq. ; on mod- ern Persian, Chardin, Voyage, vi, 485 sq. — Winer, ii. 030. See Mourning ; Funeral.