The peace of his reign was broken by one serious M'ar. Among the Jews a spirit of discontent had been kept alive ever since the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. ■\Vishing to eradicate this spirit by the destruction of the Jewish nationality, Hadrian issued an edict forbid- ding the practice of circumcision, and determined to erect on the ruins of Jerusalem a new Roman city, to be called after himself, ^Elia Capitolina. Consequent- ly a furious revolt of the Jews broke out under the lead of Bar Cochba, a pretended messiah, and it was only after having suffered great losses, and having al- most exterminared the Jewish nation (500,000 Jews are said to have perished), that the imperial armies suc- ceeded in crushing the revolt, although the able gen- eral, Julius Severus, had been called from the distant shores of Britain to lead tliem. J?A\a. Capitolina rose over the ruins of the Holy City, but the Jew was forbid- den, on the pain of death, to enter it, and from that time the race was dispersed through the world. Antoninus Pius annulled the prohibition of circumcision. Hadrian died at Baise July 10, 138; but his last days had been marked by such outrageous cruelties that Antoninus, his successor, with difHculty secured the customary hon- ors to his memory. — Spartianus, De vita lladriani (in Scriptores Histori<e. A iif/vsl(e, Teubner's edit.) ; Smith, Did. of Greek and Roman Biorj. and Afylhol. ii, 319 sq. ; Hoefer. h'our. Biorj. Gen. i,o01 sq. : Hcrzog, Real-Envy- Ihpiidie. V, 4-lG ; Sharpe, IHsiorij of E[/>jpt, xv, 14-31.
(J. ^^^ i\i.)
Hcemorrhage. See Issue.
Haem'orrhoids (n'^linip, techorim', prob. tumores oni, i. e. t/ie piks, so called as proiiiuled [the root is ^ri^, to stretch^ from the fundament, or from the sfrain- iniy or tenesmus with tiow of blood, which the i\Iaso- rites have everywhere inserted in the margin for the textual [but apparently more vulgar and less jiroper] word C^ba^, opkulim' , lit. /lills, spoken also in the Arab, of a " tinnor in ano virorum vel in pudendis midierum" [see Schroeder, Orif/. Ileb. iv, 54; Schultens, ad Meida- nii Prov, p. 23] ; Sept. and Yulg. xmdei-stand a sore in the secret parts), a painful disease with which the Phi- listines were afHicted by God as a ]iunishment for de- taining the sacred ark at Ashdod after they had cap- tured it in battle (2 Sam. v. (i). The word also occurs among the physical curses denounced upon the Israel-
ites by IMoses in case of apostasy (Dent, xxviii, 27). lnter])reters are not agreed on the exact signilication of the original terms, nor on the nature of the disease, al- though most think that those painful tumors in the fun- dament arc meant which sometimes tiuni into ulcers, i. e. the piles (Psa. Lxxviii, GO). Others regard it as the name of the fundament itself, podex (Bochart, llieroz. i, 382 ; see Fidler in Afwcel. Sac. v, 3 ; Kanne, JJie G<ddene Aerse der I'hiUsl. Nurimb. 1820). The Sept. and Vulg. add to vcr. 9 that the Philistines made seats of skins, upon which to sit with more ease, by reason of their in- disposition. Herodotus seems to have had some knowl- edge of this history, but has assigned another cause (i, 105). He says the Scythians, having plundered the temple of Venus at Askalon, a celebrated city of the ' Philistines, the goddess, who was worship))cd there, af- flicted them Avith a peculiar disease {^i]Kna vonor). The Philistines, perhaps, thus related the story; but it evidently passed for truth that this disease was ancient, and had been sent among them by some avenging deity. To remedy this suffering, and to remove the ravages committed by rats, wliich wasted their country, the Philistines were advised by their priests and soothsay- ers to return the ark of Cod with the following offerings (1 Sam. vi, 1-18) : iive figures of a golden emerod, that is, of the part alHicted, and five golden rats ; hereby ac- knowledging that this jilague was the effect of divine justice. This advice was followed ; and Josephus (.1 nt. vi, 1, 1, cvatvripia; Aquila, to t7}q <payivaii'i]r 'iXicoc) and others beheved that the five cities of the Philistines made each a statue, which they consecrated to God as votive offerings for their deliverance. This, however, seems to have originated from the figures of the rats. The heathen frequently offered to their gods figures rep- resenting those parts of the body ivhich had been dis- eased (see Frey, De more simulacra membrorum conse- crnndi, Altd. 1746) ; and such kinds of ex votis are still frequent in Catholic countries, being consecrated in lionor of some saint who is supposed to have -wrought the cure : they are images of wax or of metal, exhibit- ing those parts of the body in which the iliseasc was seated. The Scholiast on Aristophanes {Acharn.lol) mentions a similar plague (followed by a similar subse- (juent propitiation to that mentioned in Scripture), as sent upon the Athenians by Bacchus. The oi)inion mentioned by Winer (s. v. Philister), as achanced by Lichtenstein'(in Eichhorn's Bibliot/i. vi, 405-4(;7), that the plague of emerods and that of mice are one and the same, the former being caused by an insect {solpiif/n} as large as a field-mouse, is hardly worth serious attention. Kitto thinks that they were rather talismans specially formed under astrological calculations for the [jiiriiose of obviating the effects of the tlisease (Dail// Bible Jlliist. ad loc). The words of 1 Sam. v, 12, "The men that died not were smitten with emerods," sliow that the dis- ease Avas not necessarily fatal. It is clear from its par- allelism with " botch" and other diseases in Dent, xxviii, 27, that Ciba^ is a disease, not a part of the body (sec Beyer, De hwmorrhoidibns ex lege Mosaic(r, Lips. 1792). Now 1 Sam. v, 1 1 speaks of the images of the emerods after they were actually made and jilaced in the ark. It thus appears probabie that the former word means the disease and the latter the part affected, which inr.st necessarily have been included in the actually existing image, and have struck the eye as the essential thing represented, to which the disease was an incident. As some morbid swelling, then, seems the most ]irobable nature of the disease, so no more probable conjecture has been advanced than that hemorrhoidal tumors or bleeding piles, known to the Romans as mariscw (Juy. ii, 1.3), are intended. These are very common in Syria at present. Oriental habits of want of exercise and im- proper food, producing derangement of the liver, consti- pation, etc., being such as to cause them. — Gesenius, s. V. ; Calmet. s. v. ; Smith, s. v. See Diskask.