Kagarene or Hag'arite [commonly Ha'f/arite'] (Heb. Ilii;pi', ^'J'iT^./iir/itlrf [compare ffar/ai; from the same root a« the Arab. fl,f/!riih, i. Q.fir/lif] ; but, accord- ing to Filrst. s. v.. a patrial from some ancestor Ilagar, other\visc unknown; 1 Chron. xi, 38, Sept. 'Arapat, Vulg. .\ff(irai, A. V. " Haggcri ;" xxvii, 31, 'Ayapirr}g, A;iiir{ii.«, "Haggerite;" in the plur. Jfdf/iim', D''"i?n, I'sa. Ixxxiii, 0, 'Ayoptji'oi, .Ai/iirrm, '• Hagarenes;" fully J/iii/riim', n-^X-'Hn, 1 ("hron. V, 10, 19, 20, Sept. in ver. 10 TTapniKoi, in ver. 19, 20 'Ayaofnoi, Yulg. Aar/arn, A.V. '• Hagarites;" Raruch iii, 23, rini 'Aynp,JiHi Arjai; "Agarenes"), occurs apparently as the national or local designation of two individuals, and also of a tribe or re- gion, probably the same ^Vrab peojjle who appear at dif-
5 HAGARENE
ferent periods of the sacred history as foreigners to the Hebrews. See Arabia.
I. Of individuals it is twice used in connection with the royal staff in the time of David (q. v.).
1. In 1 Chron. xi, 38 of Mibhar (q. v.), one of David's mighty men, who is described as i"i;i"~'j2, utoc 'A-yapi,
ill 111.1 Af/arai, "the son of Haggeri," or, better (as the margin has it), " the Haggerite," whose father's name is not given. This hero differs from some of his col- leagues, "Zelek the Ammonite" (ver. 39), for instance; or " Ithmah the Moabite" (ver. 40), in that, while they were foreigners, he was only the son of a foreigner— a domiciled settler perhaps. See HAGGEni.
2. In 1 Chron. xxvii, 31 of Jaziz (q. v.), another of David's retaiiiers, who was "over his flocks." This man was himself a "Hagarite," 6 'AyapiV^/c, Agarnis. A comparison of the next paragraph (II) will show how well qualified for his office this man was likely to be from his extraction from a pastoral race. ("A Hagarite had charge of David's flock?, and an Ishmaelite of his herds, because the animals were pastured in districts where these nomadic people were accustomed to feed their cattle" [or, rather, because their experience made them skilful in such employments], Bcrtheau on Chron- icles [Clarke's ed.], ii, 320.) One of the effects of the great victory over the Hagarites of Gilead and the East was probably that individuals of their nation en- tered the service of the victorious Israelites, either vol- untarily or by coercion, as freemen or as slaves. Jaziz was no doubt among the former, a man of eminence and intelligence among his coiuitrymen, on which account he attracted the attention of his roj-al master, v.ho seems to have liberally employed distinguished and meritori(jus foreigners in his service. See HAGt;Ei;rrK.
II. Of a people three times who appear in hostile re- lation to the Hebrew natioii.
1. Our first passage treats of a great war, which in the reign of king Saul was -waged between the trans-Jor- danic tri'oes of lieuhen. Gad, and half Manassch on the one side, and their formidable neighbors, the Hagarites, aided by the kindred tribes of " Jetur, and Ncphish, and Nodab," on the other. (Kindred tribes, we say, on the evidence of Gen. xxv, 15. The Arab tribes derived from Hagar and Ishmael, like the earlier stocks descend- ed from Cush and Joktan, were at the same time gener- ally known bj' the common patronymic of Ishmaelites or Hagarenes. Some regard the three specific names of Jetur, Nephish, and Nodab, not as distinct from, but in apposition with Hagarites ; as if the Hagarites with whom the two tribes and a half successfully fought were the clans of Jetur, Nephish, and Nodab. See Forster's Geoff, of Arabia, i, 186-189.) The result of this war was extremely favorable to the eastern Israelites : many of the enemy were taken and many slain in the conflict (ver. 21, 22) ; the victorious two tribes and a half took possession of the country, and retained it until the cap- tivity (ver. 22). The booty cajitured on this occasion was enormous : " of camels 50,000, and of sheep 250,000, and of asses 2000" (ver. 21). Kostnmliller {Bibl. Geogr. [tr. by Jlorren], iii, 140), following the Sept. and Lu- ther, umiecessarily reduces the number of camels to 5000. When it is remembered tliat the wealth of a Bedouin chief, both in those and these times, consisted tif cattle, the amount of the booty taken in the Hagarite war, though great, was not excessive. Job's stock is described as " 7000 sheep, 3000 camels, 500 yoke of oxen, and 500 she-asses" (i, 3). JNIesha, king of jMoab, paid to the king of Israel a tri'oute of 100,000 lambs and 100,000 rams (2 Kings iii, 4). In further illustration of this wealth of cattle, wc may quote a passage from Stan- ley's Jewish Chvrch, i, 215, 21G: "Still the comitless flocks and herds may be seen [in this very region con- (piered from the Hagarites], droves of cattle moving on like troops of soldiers, descending at sunset to drink of the springs— literally, in the language of the prophet, ' rams and lambs, and c;oats and bullocks, all of them fatlings of Bashan.' " By this conquest, which was still
HAGARENES
17
HAGARENES
more firmly ratified in the subsequent reign of David, tlie promise, whieli was given as early as Abraliam's time (Gen. xv, 18) and renewed to Moses (Dcut. i, 7) and to Joshua (i, 4), began to receive that accomplish- ment which was consummated by the glorious Solomon (I Kings iv, 21). The large tract of country which thus accrued to Israel stretched from the indefinite I'rontiei- of the pastoral tribes, to whom were formerly assigned the kingdoms of Sihon and Og, to the Eu))hra- tes. A comparison of 1 Chron. v, 9-20 with Gen. xxv, 12-lS, seems to show that this line of country, which (as the liistory informs us) extended eastward of tJilead and Bashan in the direction of the Euphrates, was sub- stantially the same as that which JMoses describes as peopled by the sons of Ishmael, whom Hagar bore to Abraham. " They dwelt," says lAIoses, " from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt as thou goest towards Assyria" — in other words, across the country from the junction of the Euphrates with the Tigris to the isth- mus of Suez ; and this is the spacious tract which we assign to the Ilagarites or Hagarenes. The booty taken from the Ilagarites and their allies proves that much of this territory was well adapted to pasturage, and therefore valuable to the nomadic habits of the concpier- ors (Numb, xxxii, 1). The brilliancy of the conquest, moreover, exhibits the military prowess of these shep- herds. Living amid races whose love of plimder is still illustrated in the predatory Bedouins of Eastern Pales- tine, they were obliged to erect fortresses for the protec- t'wn of their pastures (Michaelis, Lmcs of Moses, art. xxiii), a precaution which seems to have been resorted to from the first. The sons of Ishmael are enumerated. Gen. xxv, IG, " by their towns and by their castles ;" and some such defensive erections were no doubt meant by the children of Reuben and Gad in Numb, xxxii, 16,