17. See ISHMAELITES.
2. Though these eastern Israelites became lords par- amount of this vast tract of countrj-, it is not necessary to suppose that they exclusively occupied the entire re- gion, nor that the Ilagarites and their kindred, though subdued, Avere driven out ; for it was probably in the same neighborhood that "the Hagarenes" of our second passage Avere living when they joined in the great con- federacy against Israel with, among others, Edom, and Moab, and Ammon, and Amalek (Psa. Ixxxiii, G [Ilcb. 7 ; Sept. Ixxii, G]). When this combination took place is of little importance here ; Mr. Thrupp (Psalms, ii, GO, Gl) gives reasons for assigning it to the reigns of Jeho- ash and of his son Jeroboam II. The psalm Avas prob- ably -vNTitten on the triumph of Jehoshaphat over the trans-Jordanic Bedomns (2 Chron. xx). See Psaljis. The nations, however, which constituted the confeder- acy with the Hagarenes, seem to confirm oiu: opinion that these were still residing in the district, where in the reign of Saul they had been subjugated by their Israel- itish neighbors. Rosenmliller {Bibl. Geor/r. [trans.] iii, 141) and Gesenius {Thesaur, p. 305) suggest that the Hagarenes when vanquished migrated to the south-east, because on the Persian Gulf there was the province of Hagar or Ilajar. This is the district which the Ara- bian geographers have carefully and prominently de- scribed (compare De Sacy's Chrestomathie Arahe, ii, 123 ; Abulfeda [by Keinaud], ii, 1, 137, who quotes Jakut's Moshtareh for some of his information; and Rommel's Commentary on Abulfeda, De Prov. lliiqiar, sive Bahh- ruin, p. 87,' 88, 89; D'Herbelot, s. v. Hagr). We will not deny that this province probably derived its name and early inhabitants from Ihifjur and her son Ishmael (or, as Rabbi D. Kimchi woiUd prefer, from Hagar, through some son by another father than Abraham) ; but we are not of opinion that these Hagarenes of the Persian Gidf, whose piursuits were so different, were identical with the Hagarenes of the Psalm before ns, or with the Hagarites of 1 Chron., whom we have identi- fied with them. Nothing pastoral is related of this maritime tribe ; Rommel quotes from two Arabian ge- ographers. Taifashi and Bakiu, who both describe these IV.— B
Hagarenes of the coast as much employed in pearl-fish ing and such ])ursuits. Nicbulir {Travels in Arabia [Engl, tr.], ii, 151, 152) confirms their statement. Ge- senius is also inexact in identifying these maritime. Hagarenes with the 'Aypaloi of Ptolemy, v, 19, 2, and Eratosthenes, in Strabo, xvi, 7G7, and Pliny, vi, 2«. If the tribes indicated in these classical authors be the same (which is doubtful), they are much more correctly identified by an older writer. Dr. T. Jackson {\Vo7-Ls [ed. Oxon.], i, 220), who says: "The scat of such as the Scripture calls Ilaf/arens Avas in the desert Arabia, betwixt Gilcad and Euphrates (1 Chron. v, 9, 10). TliLs people were called by the lieathen 'AypoToi, Agra-i, rightly placed bj' Ptolemy in the desert Arabia, and by Strabo in that verj- place which the Scripture makes the eastern bounds of Ishmacl's posterity, to Avit, next unto the inhabitants of Havilah." Amid the difficulty of identification, some modern geographers have distrib- uted the classical Agra?i in various localities. Thus, in Eorster's maps of Arabia, they occupy both the district betAveen Gilead and the Euphrates in the north, and also the AS'esteni shores of the I'crsian Gulf. The fact seems to be that many districts in Arabia Avere called by the generic appellation of llar/arite or Hanarene, no doubt after Hagar; as Keturah, another of Abraham's concubines, occasioned the rather A-aguely-uscd name of Ketureans for other tribes of the Arabian peninsula (Forster, Geog. of A ruhia, ii, 7). In the ven,^ section of Abulfeda Avhich Ave have above quoted, that geographer (after the author of the Moshtarek) reminds ns that the name Ilajar (Hagar) is as extensive in meaning in Arabia as Sham (Syria) and Iiak elscAvherc; in like manner Rommel, Avilhin a page or tAvo, describes a Ha- gar in the remote province of Yemen ; this, although an unquestionably different place (Keinaud, ii, 1-137, note), is yet confounded Avith the maritime Hajar. In proof of the xmcertainty of the situation of jilaces in Arabia of like name, Ave may mention that, Avhile Abul- feda, Edrisi, Giauhari, and Golius distinguish betAveen the Hagarenes of the north-east coast and those of the remote sonth-Avest district Avhich Ave have just men- tioned, Nassir Edin, Olugbeig, and Blisching confound them as identical. Winer, JRealu: s. v. Hagariter, men- tions yet another Chajar, Avhich, though slightly iliffcr- ent in form, might, be Avritten much like our Avord in HebreAV X"i5n, and is actually identical with it in the S.ATiac (Assemanni, Bihlioth. Orient. IH, ii, 753). This ])iace Avas in the province of Ilcjaz, on the Red Sea, on the main route betAvcen Damascus and Mecca. Such being the uncertainty connected Avith the sites of these Arab tribes, Ave the less hesitate to place the Hagarenes of the Psalm in the neighborhood of Edom, Jloab, and Ammon, in the situation which Avas in Saul's time occu- pied by the Hagarites, " near the main road Avhich led" [or, more correcth', in the belt of countrj' Avhich strctcli- ed] " from the head of the Red Sea to the Euphrates" (Smith's Diet, of Geog. s. v. Agrwi ; see also Bochart, Phalerj [edit.Villemandy], IV, ii, 225). The mention both of Ishmaelites p.nd Hagarenes in this Psalm has led to the opinion that they are separate nations here meant. The verse, hoAvever, is" in the midst oi & \^0Qi\c jMrullcl- ism, in Avhich the clauses arc sipiom/mous and not anti- thetic (comp. A-er. 5-11), so that if " Edom and the Ish- maelites" is not absolutely identical in geographical sig- nification Avith " j\Ioab and the Hagarenes," there is at least a poetical identity between these tAvo groups which forbids our separating them Avidely from each other in any sense (for the dispersed condition of the Hagarenes, see also Fuller, Misc. Sacr. ii, 12).