Combinations marked the imrelenting hostdity of their neighbors toAvards the Jews to a very late period- One of these is mentioned in 1 Mace, v, as cUspersed by Judas INIaccabKus. "The children of B;can" (v'loi Bai- av) of ver. 4 have been by Hitzig conjectured to be the same as our Hagarenes; there is. hoAvever, no other ^ ground for this opinion than their vicinity to Edom and i Ammon, and the difficulty of making them fit in witli
IIAGEXAU, CONFERENCE OF 18
HAGGAI
any other tribe as conveniently as with that which is the subject of this article (see J. Olshausen, die Pmlmen, p,34o).
3. In the passage from Bariich iii, 23 tliorc are attrib- uted to " the At;arenes" (lualities of wisdom for which the Arabian nation has long been colel)ratc(l, skill in proverbial philosophy (coinp. Freytag, Arab. Prov. torn. iii, pnef.) ; in this accomplishment they have associated with them " the merchants of iMeran and of Theman." This is not the place to discuss the site of iMeran, which some liave placed on the Persian Gulf, and others on the Red Sea; it is enough to observe that their mercantile hal)its gave them a shrewdness in jiractical knowledge which rendered tliem worthy of comparison with " the merchants of Theman" or Edom. Forster makes these Themiinese to be inhabitants of the maritime Bahrain, and therefore Ihujumies (i, 303) ; but in this he is Ha- grantly inconsistent witli his own good canon (i, 291) : " The "n nne of the son of EHjihaz and of his descendants [the IMomites] is uniformly written Tema» in the orig- inal Hebrew, and that of tlie son of Ishmael and his fam- ily [the llagarenes or Ishmaelites] as uniformly Tema [without the n]." The wisdom of these Themanese nicrcliants is expressly mentioned in Jer. xlix, 7, and Obadiah, ver. 8. The Hagarenes of this passage we would place among tlie inhabitants of the shores of the Persian (lulf, where (see 1) Gesenius and others placed "tlie Hagarites" after their conquest by the trans-Jor- danic Israelites. The clause, '-That seek wisdom on earth" [that is, "who acquire experience and intelli- gence from intercourse with mankind"] (the Sept. o'l tK^riroi'iTig t>)v avvtaiv o'l IttI rijt; yijt,'? i'' surely cor- rupt, because meaningless : by the lielj) of the Vulgate and the Syriac it has been conjectured by some [by lliivemick and Fritzsche, ad loc, for instance] that in- stead of oi tiri we should read r/)i/ tV/, q. d. " the wis- dom [or common sense] which is cognizant of the earth — its men and manners ;" an attainment which mercan- file persons acquire better than all else), seems to best fidl in with the habits of a seafaring and mercantile race (see Fritzsche, das Bitch Barudi, p. 192; and Hiiv- ernick, whose wonLs he quotes : " Hagarcni terram quasi perlustrantes dicimtiir, cpiiiipe mcrcatores longe celeber- rimi antii|uissimis jamjam tcmporibus").— Kitto, s. v.
Hagenau, Conference of, a theological confer- ence called l)y (lie (iirniau emperor in 1539 in order to bring alnnit a reunion between Protestants and Roman Catliolics. Having originally been convoked to Worms, it was transferred to llagenau in conse(iuence of an epidemic prevailing in the former city. It lasted from June 12 to .July IC, I.>10. As it was not deemed safe to send Luther without a special protection, and as Me- lancthon fell sick during the journey, the Protestants were represented by ISrenz, Osiander^ ("ajnto, Cruciger, and .Myconius; and the Roman Catholics by Eck, Fa- ber, and ( "ochhcus. The conference leil to "no delinite residts. It was agreed that an ecpial number of repre- HPiitatives, chosen liy the two parties, should meet at
Worms, and resume the negotiations for a union Her-
zog, xix, .'i«;i. (A..J. .S.)
Hag'erite [or llu'^erih] (Heb.with the art. /,o- Iluyri', '^-}^riri. III,' llmirlU' ,■ Sept. o 'Ayap.V(;r, Vulg. AfinrivA), a designation of.Iaziz (q. v.), one of r)avi(i's agricultural ollicers (1 riiron. xxvii. 31). See IIacak- rri:.
Haggadah (Ui-h. „mrdnU:h;in,d).ux the Talmud and wilh the Rabbis the name fur traditional stories, le- gends, etc. used in the interpretation and elucidation of the \tm and the proi.hels. Many of the Ini'/t/odotli in tiie Talmud arc absurd and jireposterous, and thev are not held by the best Rabbins as authoritative. Mai- mouides says of them: "Beware that you take not these words nf the hachimim (wise) literally, for this would be degrading to the sacred doctrine, and sometimes to con- tradict ii. Seek rather the hidden sense; and if you cannot lind the kernel, let the shell alone, and confess 'I
cannot nnderstand this'" {Perush Bammkhnmjoili).— Fiirst, Kidlnrijcschichte d. Juden. i, 74; Etheridge, Intrn- ducfion to Ih'bi: Lit. p. 182 ; Jost, Gesch. d. Judeii. i, 178 ; ii, 313. The Haggadah frequently refers to the Hala- chah {rule, norm), the oral law of tradition, brief sen- tences established by the authority of the Sanhedrim, in which the law was interpreted and applied to individual cases, and which were designated as the " sentences of the elders." See Miurash. (J. H. \\.)
Hag'gai" (Heb. Chaggay', ^V^, festive ; Sept. and Joseph. 'AyycnoQ ; Jerome and Vulg. Ar/gants or Jlag' fjmus), the tenth in order of the twelve minor prophets, and the first of the three wlio, after the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile, pro])hesied in Pales- tine. Of the place and year of his birth, liis descent, and the leading incidents of his life, nothing is known which can be relied on (see Oehler, in Herzog's Encykl. v, 471 sq.). The more fabulous traditions of Jewish writers, who pass him for an assessor of the Synagoga Magna, and enlarge on his literary avocations, have been collected by Carpzov (Introductio in V. T. iii,42G). Some interpreters, indeed, taking in its literal sense the expression nin^ T(5<?? (malak Yehovdh) in i, 13, have imagined that he was an angel in human shape (Je- rome, Comm. ad loc). Some ancient writers assert that he was born in Babylon, and while yet a young man came to Jerusalem, when Cyrus, in the year B.C. 536, allowed the Jews to return to their country (2 Chron. xxxiv, 23 ; Ezra i, 1) ; the new colony consisting chief- ly of people belonging to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, with a few from other tribes. According to the same tradition, he was buried with honor near the sepulchres of the priests (Isidor. Hispal. c. 49 ; Pseudo- Dorotheus, in Chron. Pasch. 151, d). It has hence been conjectured that he was of priestly rank, llaggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, according to the Jewish writ- ers, were the men who were with Daniel when he saw the vision related in Dan. x, 7, and were after the cap- tivity members of the (Jreat Sj'nagogue, whieli consist- ed of 120 elders {Cozri, iii, G5). The Seder Olam Zuta places their death in the 52d year of the Medes and Persians, while the extravagance of another tradition makes Haggai survive till the entry of Alexander the Great into Jerusalem, and even till the time of our Saviour (Carpzov, Inirod). In the Itoman martyrology Hosea and Haggai are joined in the catalogue of saints {Acta Sanclor. 4 Julii). See EzuA.