5. A!7e;-«/«/-f .-Maimonides, Jo>l //„.( %.~<,k„. Ililchnth Chamez u. Maza, sections vii and viii, vol. i. p. 2(;8-'>(;,-) • Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum Tahnudicum ,t Pabbini- ann, s. v. V?r\, col. 6t.'J-61G ; and Bartoloccii, JHUiotheca Mayna liabbinira, ii, 227-24.3, have important treatises upon this subject, but their information is most uncriti- cally i-,ut together, and no distinction is made between earher and later practices. A thoroughlv masterly and critical investigation is that of Krochmal", J/o/v A>6or/(e lla-Seman ( Leopoli, 1«51), p. 135 sq.; comp. also Edel- maiiiis edition of /Ae Siddur with Landshuth's Critical
A nnoiations (Konigsberg, 1845), p. 423 sq. ; Herzfeld, Geschichte des Volkes Israel (Nordhausen, 1857), ii, 169 sq. — Kitto, s. v.
Hallelu'jah (Heb. hallelu'-yah', el^-^^^n. Praise ye Jah, i. e. Jehovah !) or (in its Greek form) Allelu'- LVH ('A\Xr]\ovia'), a word which stands at the begin- ning of many of the Psalms. See Miiller, Be notione Hallelujah (Cygn. 1690) ; Wemsdorf, De formula Hal- lelujah (Viteb. 1763). From its frequent occiurrence in this position it grew into a formula of praise, and was chanted as such on solemn days of rejoicing. (See Crit- ica Biblica, ii, 448.) This is intimated by the apocry- phal book of Tobit (xiii, 18) when speaking of the re- building of Jerusalem, "And all lier (Jerusalem's) streets shall sing Alleluia" (comp. Rev. xix, 1, 3, 4, 6). This expression of joy and praise was transferred from the synagogue to the church, and is still occasionally heard in devotional psalmody. — Kitto. The Hebrew terms are frequently rendered " Praise ye the Lord;" and so in the margin of Psa. civ, 35; cv,45; cvi; cxi, 1; cxii, 1; cxiii, 1 (comp. Psa. cxiii, 9 ; cxv, 18 ; cxvi, 19 ; cxvii, 2), The Psalms from cxiii to cxviii were called by the Jews the Hallel, and were sung on the first of the month, at the Feast of Dedication, and the Feast of Tabernacles, the Feast of Weeks, and the Feast of the Passover. See Ho- SASNA. On the last occasion Psa. cxiii and cxiv, ac- cording to the school of Hillel (the former only accord- ing to the school of Shammai), were sung before the feast, and the remainder at its termination, after drink- ing the last cup. The hymn (IMatt. xxvi, 30) sung by Christ and his disciples after the last supper is supposed to have been a part of this Hallel, which seems to have varied according to the feast. See Hallel. The Uteral meaning of '• hallelujah" sufficiently indicates the character of the Psalms in which it occurs, as hymns of praise and thanksgiving. They are all found in the last book of the collection, and bear marks of being in- tended for use in the Temple service, the words " praise ye Jehovah" being taken up by the full chorus of Le- vites. See PsALSis. In the great hyvaw of triumph in heaven over the destruction of Babylon, the apostle in vision heard the multitude in chorus like the voice of mighty thunderings burst forth " AUeluia, for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth," responding to the voice which came out of the throne, sapng, '• Praise our God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both small and great" (Eev. xix, 1-6). In this, as in the offering of in- cense (Rev. viii), tliere is evident allusion to the service of the Temple, as the apostle had often witnessed it in its fatUng grandeur. — Smith, s. v. Alleloiua. See Rev- elation, Book oe.
HALLELUJAH, a doxology used frequently in the ancient Church, and derived from the Old Testament. The singing Hallelujah sometimes means the repetition of the word, in imitation of the heavenly host (see Rev. xix) ; at other times it has reference to one of the psalms beginning with Hallelujah. In the early Christian Church " the more common acceptation of ' hallelujah' is for the singing of the word itself in special parts of di\ine ser- vice, as a sort of mutual call to each other to praise the Lord." In some churches the Hallelujah was sung onlj"- on Easter day and the fifty days of Pentecost ; in others it was used more generally. Augustine says it was not used in time of Lent (Augustine, Epist. 1 19, 178). In the fourth Council of Toledo it is mentioned under the name Laudes, and appointed to be sung after the reading of the Gospel (Concil. Tolet. iv, can. 10, 11). It was occasion- ally sung at funerals: St. Jerome speaks of it as being simg at the funeral of Fabiola, and says the people made the golden roof of the church shake with echoing forth the Hallelujah {Contra Viyilant. cap. 1, and Eiiisi. xxx, cap. 4). The ancient Church retained the Hebrew word, as also did the Chiurch of England in its first Liturgy; though now it is translated " Praise ye the Lord." to which the people reply, " The Lord's name be praised." See Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. xiv, eh. ii, § 4; Procter.
HALLER
33
HALLOW
On Common Prayer, p. 212 ; Coleman, A ncicnt ChrisHan- itj, cli. XV, § it.
Haller, Albrecht von, one of the fp-eatcst of modern ph3'siologists, was born in Berne Oct. 1(>, 1708, and displayed, even in childhood, the most extraordi- nary talents. He stutUed meilicine first at Tubingen, and afterwards at Lej'den, under Boerhaavo. After ex- teiisive travels he became professor of anatomy, surgorj-, and botany at Gtittingen in 173(), ami remained there until 175.3, when lie returned to Berne. There he re- sided, honored by his fellow-citizens, for nearly a quar- ter of a century ; continued to benefit science by liis lit- erary labors ; filled several important offices in the state, and adorned the Gospel by his life, lie died in Octo- ber, 1777. . A great part of the modem science of physi- ology is due to the labors and genius of Haller. But his place in our pages is due to his steady religious life, to his constant recognition, in his works, of the great truths of Christianity, and especially to Iiis religious writings, viz. Eriefe iiber die wichtifjsten Wahrheitcn der OJfenbaruiiff (Berne, 1772); Briefe zur Vertheidifinng dvr Offenbaruny (Berne, 1775-77, 3 parts), consisting of let- ters fo his daughter on the truth and excellence of Chris- tianitJ^ See Zimmermann, Lebcn Hallers (Zurich, 1755, 8vo) ; Biogrciphie de Holler (Paris, 184G, 2cl edit.).