2. The work of the carpenter (CSS Ui'^H, t'iktwv.
Carpenter?. (Wilkinson.)
1 the seat of a chair, « ; /,/,!eps of chair; w,w, adzes; r,asquare; w,ir.an planing or polishing the leg cf a chair.
artifex Ugnarius') is often mentioned in Scripture (e. g. Gen. vi, 14; Exod. xxxvii; Isa. xliv, 13). In the pal- ace built by David for himself, the workmen employed were chiefly Phoenicians sent by Hiram (2 Sam. v, 11 ; 1 Chron. xiv, 1), as most probably were those, or at least the principal of those who were employed by Solomon in his works (1 Kings v, 6). But in tlie repairs of the Temple, executed under Joash, king of Judah, and also in the rebuilding under Zenibbabel, no mention is made -'f foreign workmen, though in the latter case the tim- ber is expressly said to have been brought by sea to Joppa by Zidonians (2 Kings xi, 11 ; 2 Chron, xxiv, 1?; Ezra iii, 7). That the Jewish carpenters must have been able to carve with some skill is evident from lea. xli, 7 ; xliv, 13, in ^vhich last passage some of the im-
HAXDICILVFT
60
Tools of an Egyptian Carpenter. (Wilkinson.)
Figs, 1 , 2, .1, 4. Chi«eU and drills ; 5. Part of drill ; 6. Nut of wood belonging to drill ; 7, K. Siiwa; 9. Horn of oil; lu. Mallet; II. Basket of nails; 12. Basket which held
HANDICRAFT
The D'133 (2 Kings xii, 12) were probably mastc-r-masons (" builders," ver. 11). Among their implements are mentioned tlie saw (iT^J^, TTjoio/j^}, the plumb-line (Tj3X, Gcscn. p. 215), the measiiring-reed (n3|?, KciXaixoc, calumus, Gesen. p. 1221). As they also pre- pared the stones by hewing (1 Chron. xxii, 2), they must have used the chisel and the mallet (flDpTS, 1 Kings vi, 7), though no mention of the former occurs in Scriptiu-e. They used also the measuring-line (1|7, Job xxxviii, 5 ; Zech. i, 16) and the axe ('|,'t13, 1 Kings vi, 7). See each word. Some of these, and also the chisel and mallet, are rep- resented on EgyjDtian monuments (Wilkin- son, Anc. Egyptians, 313, 311), or preserved in the British Museum (1st Eg^^^pt. room. No, 6114, C038). The large stones used in Solo- mon's Temple are said by Josep'hus to have been fitted together exactly without either mortar or cramps, but the foundation stones to have been fastened with lead (Josephus, A nt. viii, 3, 2 ; x v, 1 1 , 3) . For ordinary build- ing, mortar, lip (Gesen. p. 132S), was used ; sometimes, perhaps, bitumet, as was the case at Babylon (Gen. xi, 3). Tlifl lime, clay, and straw of which mortar is generally composed ill the East requires to be very carefully mix- ed and imited so as to resist wet (Lane, Mod. Eg. i, 27 ; Shaw, Travels, p. 206). The waU " daubed with imtempered mortar" of Ezekiel (xiii, 10) was perhaps a sort of cob-wall of mud or clay without lime (^5Pl, Gesenius, p. 1516), which would give way under heavj- rain. The use of whitewash on tombs is re- marked by our Lord (Matt, xxiii, 27 ; see also Mishu. Maaser Sheni, v, 1). Houses infected
pleraents used in the trade are mentioned : the rule (T^'15, fiirpov, norma, possibly a chalk pencil, Gesenius, p. 1337), measuring-line (i;5, Gesenius, p. 1201), compass (inSTip, izapa- ypciiplg, drcinus, Gesenius, p. 450), i)lane, or smoothing instrumsnt (■ISiap'S, K6\\a,rim- dmi ((icscn. p. 1228, 1338)', axe Clia, Gesen. p. 302, or D^-lt', Gesen. p. 1236, itivi), secu- rit). See each of these words.
The process of the work, and the tools used by Egyj)tian carpenters, and also coopers and whcelwriglits, are displayed in Egyptian mon- uments and relics ; the former, including dovetailing, veneering, drilling, glueing, varnisliing, and inlaving. may iic seen in Wilkinson, /h^r. y^y. ii, 111-119. (if tlio latter, many specimens, including saws, hatchets, knives. awls, nails, a hone, and a drill, also turned objccis in bone, exist in the Hritish Museum, 1st Egypt, room, case 42-J;t, Nos. 6()Ki-61H«. See also Wilkinson, ii, p. 113, fig. 3'.i.'). See CAiti'icNTKit.
In the N. T. the occupation of a carpenter (rs'/crwv) IS mentioned in connection with .h)seph, the husl)and of the Virgin Mary, and ascril)ed to our Lord himscll by way of reproach (Mark vi,3; Jlatt. xiii, 55; and Just. Mart, ilidl. Triiph. c. ««).
3. The masons (2"^"in3, 2 Kings xii, 12 [18], vidl- hnihlers, (lescnius, jv 2C.1>') emploved bv David and Solo- mon, at lea.st the chief of them, were rhtenicians, as is implied also in the word n"^b25, men of (iebal, Jebail, Byblus (Gesen. p. 258 ; 1 Kings v, 18 ; Ezek. xxvii !) • Burckhardt, SjiHa, p. 179). Other terms employed 'arc '^"'h' "l^^? '''^'}^,ti^orkersofwan-S!t<me{2?>am.'\',n;\ Chron. xxii, 15) ; d-^SIlH, stone-aitters or hewers (1 Chroa xxu,2, l5,"Avorkers of stone;" Ezra iii,7, etc.).
Masons. (Wilkinson.)
, levelling, and 2, squaring a stone.
HANDICRAFT
61
HANDKERCHIEF
with leprosy were required by the law to be rcplastcred (Lev. xiv, 40-45), For kindred works in earth and clay, see BiucK, Potter; Glass, etc.
4. Akin to the craft of the carpenter is that of ship and boat bnilding, whicli must have been exercised to some extent for the tishing-vessels on the lake of Gen- nesaret (JVIatt. viii, "23 ; ix, 1 ; John xxi, 3, 8). Solomon built at Ezion-Geber ships for his foreign trade, whicli were manned by Phoenician crews, an experiment which .Tchoshaphat endeavored m vain to renew (1 Ivings ix, 2(>, "27; xxii, 48; 2 Chron. xx, 36, 37). The shipmen were ^SH, a sailor (Jonah i,6; Ezek. xxvii,8, 27-29; vavT7]c, Acts xxvii, 30; Rev. xviii, 17) ; bsntl 'Zl'}, shijxmaster (Jonah i, 6; vavKXrjpoQ, Acts xxvii, 11); rk'2, mariner (Ezek. xxvii, 9, etc. ; Jonah i, 5). See Siiir.