HEGAI
155
HEGEL
of tlic life of Hcermaun. Others are given in j\Iiss Winkworth, Lyra Geriiianica, and in Schaif, Clirist in Song (N. York, 1869). A selection from his hymns, in German, may be found in Wackemagel, IhtrmamCs (jeistlk-lte Liedcr (Stuttgardt, 1850). Of liis other works we mention JI('j)/ii/o(/iis C/iristi (on the seven words on the cross), Breslau, IGIO; new edit. Berlin, 1856.
He'gai (Ileb. Ileyuij', "Stl^ perh. eunuch, Esth. ii, 8, 15; Sei)t. rai,Y\Ag. Erjeus) or He'ge (Heb. «/. NSfl, iJcm, Esth. ii, 3: Sept. omits, Vnlg. Eyeus), the eunuch liiiving charge of the harem of Xerxes, and the prepa- ration of the females sought as concubines for him. B.C. 479. Winer ( Wvrterh. s. v.) thinks he may be the same with Her/ias ('Hyi'at.), who is mentioned by Cte- sias (Perseus, 24) as present at the check of the Persian army at Thermopyliv.
Hegel, Gkorg Wilhelji FinEORicir, the greatest of modern German metaphysicians. The following sketch of liis life is modified from the English Cjiclopce- diii. He was born at Stuttgardt Aug. 27, 1770, and was educated at the gymnasium of his native city. From 1788 to 1793 he studied at Tubingen, where he had for his class-fellow the illustrious Schelling ; and where he acquired not only a knowledge of the history of philoso- phy, but also a thorough acquaintance witli the natn- ral and political sciences. Upon being admitted doctor in philosophy, he accepted an engagement as private tutor, in which capacity he lived for some years, first in Switzerland, and afterwards at Frankfort-on-the-Main, until, on the death of his father in 1800, he was enabled, by the inheritance of a small patrimony, to devote liim- self to the study of philosophy. He accordingly pro- ceeded to Jena, where Schelling was teaching his sys- tem of "Absolute Itlentity," of which Hegel was at this period one of the warmest partisans. "Here he com- posed his first philosophical \vork, entitled Utber die Dlff'erenz der Fichte'schen und Schelling' schen Philosophie (On the Difference of the Systems of Fichte and Schel- ling) ; which treatise, notwithstanding the sincerity with which Hegel then advocated the views of the lat- ter, contained the' germ of that dissent which was after- wards expanded into a peculiar theory. He was also associated with Schelling in conducting the Kritische Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Science) ; and among the most important of the articles contribu- ted by him is that " On Faith and Science," whicli con- tains a luminous review of the doctrines of Kant, Jacobi, and Fichte, whose several systems are represented as nothing more than so many forms of a purely subjective pliilosophy. In 1806, when Schelling went to Wlirz- biu-g, Hegel was appointed to supply his place as lectu- rer. Now for the first time Hegel openly avowed his dissatisfaction with the system of Schelling. The dif- ference bct\veen the ideas of the master and chsciple was marked still more strongly in the Phmnomenologie des Geistes (Phenomenology of jNIind), which was published at Bamberg, whither Hegel had retired after the battle of Jena. This work he used to call his 'Voyage of Discovery,' as indicating the researches he had passed through in order to arrive at a clear knowledge of the truth. It contains an account of the several grades of development through which the ' self,' or ' ego,' pro- ceeds : first of all from consciousness into self-conscious- ness ; next into reflective and active reason, from which it becomes philosophical reason, self-cognizant and self- analyzing, until at last, rising to the notion of God, it manifests itself in a religious form. The title 'Phe- nomenology' points out the limits of the work, which is confined to the phenomena of mind as displayed in the elements of its immediate existence, that is, in experi- ence. It traces the course of mind up to the point where it recognises the identity of thought and sub- stance, of reason and reaUty, and where the opposition of science and reality ceases. Henceforward mind de- velops itself as pure thought or simple science, and the several forms it successively assimies, which differ only
in their subject-matter or contents, arc the ol)jects of logic, or 'dialectic' In 1808 he was called to" preside over the gymnasium of Nlirnberg. In 1812 ho pub- lished his Logic (Wissenschdft der Logik), whicli was designed, with tlie ' I'henomenology,' to complete the whole body of science. Hegel employs the term logic ill a very extended sense. He does not confine it, as is usiialls- tlie CISC, to the account of the abstract forms of thiui-lu ;iiiil ;he laws of connection of ideas, but under- st:in(ls by it tlie science of the self-sufficient and self- determining itlea— the science of truth and of reality. From his fundamental principle that thought and sul)- stance are one and identical, it followed that whatever is true of the former is true also of the latter, and con- sequently the laws of logic become ontological. From this point of view Hegel describes in this work the prog- ress of reason ; how, by virtue of a peculiar and inher- ent impidse, it passes constantly onwards, until at last it returns into itself. The general merits of this work were at once admitted, and the high powers of philo- sophical reflection Mdiich it evinced were acknowledged by the offer of a professorship at Heidelberg in 1817. His first course of lectiu-es was attended by a numerous and distinguished class, attracted by the profoundness and originality of his views, notwithstanding the great obscurity of his style. By the publication of the Enoj- klopddie der philos. Wissenschaften (Encyclopredia of Philosophical Sciences) in 1817, his reputation as a phi- losopher was established, and Hegel was invited by the Prussian government to fill the chair at Berlin, which had remained vacant since the death of Fichte in 1814. This work, being designed as a manual for his class, takes a general view of his whole system, and exliibits in the clearest manner the ultimate tendency of his views. Considering logic as the base of all ontology, and starting from the idea in itself or potentially, he considers it as the essence and primary substance. He then examines thought as at first existing in itself, then in oilier or in nature ; next in the mind of the individ- ual, in a purely subjective point of view; and then ob- jectively, in its outward realization ; and, lastly, as he terms it, absolutely, that is, as manifesting itself in art, religion, and philosophy. From 1817 until death ter- minated his career there is nothing to relate in the life of Hegel beyond the constantly increasing celebrity of his lectures and the publication of several works. He successively published the Pkilosnph?/ of Jurisprudence, two new editions of the Encyclopaedia, the first volume of the second edition of his Logic, and several articles in the Annals of Scientific Criticism, which he had estab- lished as an organ of his system, and of its application to ever}' branch of art and science" {Eng. Cyclop^. He died Nov. 14, 1831, of cholera.