Coin of Herod the Great.
2. Herod Antipas (Rpi^cnc, Matt., Mark, Luke; A i^nVoc, Josephus) was the son of Herod the Great, by Malthace, a Samaritan (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 1,3; War, i, 28, 4). His father had already given him " the king- dom" in his first will, but in the final arrangement left him the tetrarchy of Galilee and Pera-a (Josephus, A nf. xvii, 8,1; ir«r,ii,9,l; Matt.xiv,l; Lukeiii.l; iii,19; ix, 1 ; Acts xiii, 1), which brought him the yearly reve- nue of 200 talents (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, i). On his way to Rome he visited his brother Philip, and com- i
mencing an intrigue witli his wife Herodias, daughter of Aristobulus, tlie son of Mariamne, he afterwards in- cestuously married her. He had ])reviously been mar- ried to a daughter of Aretas, king of Arabia l'etra>a, who avenged this insult by invading liis dominions, and de- feated him with great loss (Joseplms, Ant. xviii, 5, 1). An appeal to the l^omans atiiirded the only hope of safe- ty. Aj-etas was haughtily ordered by the emperor to desist from the prosecution of the war, and Herod ac- cordingly escaped the expected overthrow. Josephus says that the opinion of the Jews was that the defeat was a punishment for his having imprisoned John the Baptist on account of his popularity, and aftenvards put him to death, but does not mention the reproval tliat John gave him, nor that it was at the instigation of Herodias that he was killed, as recorded in the Gospels (Joseph. A7it. xviii, 5, 4; Matt, xiv, 1-11 ; Mark vi, 14- 16; Luke iii, 19; ix, 7-9). The evangelists evidently give the true reason, and Josephus the one generally re- cei\'ed by the people. In A.D. 38, after the death of Ti- berius, he was persuaded, especially at the ambitious in- stigation of Herodias, to go to Rome to procure for him- self the royal title. Agrippa, who was high in the favor of Caligula, and had already received this title, opposed this with such success that Antipas was condemned to perpetual banishment at Lyons, a city of Gaul (Joseph. Ant. xviii, 7, 2), and eventually died in Spain, wliither his wife Herodias had voluntarily followed him {War, ii, 9, G). He is called (by courtesy) Mmj by Matthew (xiv, 9) and by Mark (vi, 14). See No. 5.
Herod Antipas was in high favor with Tiberius; hence he gave the name of Tiberias to the city he built on the lake of Gennesareth (Josephus, .4 w/. xviii, 2, 3). He enlarged and improved several cities of his domin- ions, and also built a wall about Sepphoris, and round Betharamphtha, which latter town he named Julius, in honor of the wife of the emperor (Josephus, A nt. xviii, 2, 1 ; comp. War, ii, 9, 1).
It was before Herod Antipas, who came up to Jerusa- lem to celebrate the Passover (comp. Joseph. Ant. xviii, G, 3), that our Lord was sent for examination when Pi- late heard that he was a Galilasan, as Pilate had already had several disputes with the Galiteans, and was not at this time on verj' good terms with Herod (Luke xiii, 1 ; xxiii, 6-7), and " on the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together" (Luke xxiii, 12; comp. Jo- sephus, A nt. xviii, 3, 2 ; Psa. Ixxxiii, 5). The name of Herod Antipas is coupled with that of Pilate in the prayer of the apostles mentioned in the Acts (iv, 24-30). His personal character is little touched upon by either Josephus or the evangelists, j-et from his consenting to the death of John the Baptist to gratify tlie malice of a wicked woman, though for a time he had " heard him gladly" (Mark vi, 20), we perceive his cowardice, his want of spirit, and his fear of ridicule. His wicked oath was not binding on him, for Herod was bound by the law of God not to commit murder. He was in any case desirous to see Jesus, and " ho]ied to have seen a miracle from him" (Luke xxiii, 8). His artifice and cunning are specially alluded to by our Lord, " Go ye and tell that fox" {rij a\to-iKi ravT-g, Luke xiii, 32). Coins of Her- od Antipas bear the title TETPAPXOY. See Antipas. 3. Hekod Archelaus ('A|Ox«^"oc, Matt.; .Josephus; 'HpM('t]c, Dion Cassius ; coins), son of Herod the Great and Malthace, uterine and yoimger brother of Herod Aii- tipas, and called by Dion Cassius 'Hpojc/jc Ua\atfTTT]i'uc (Iv, 57). He was brought up with his brother at Rome (Josephus, .4 nt. xvii, 1, 3). His father had disinherited him in consequence of the false accusations of his eldest brother Antipater. the son of Doris; but Herod, on mak- ing a new will, altered his mind, and gave him " the kingdom," which had before been left to Antipas (Jose- phus, .4 nt. xvii, 8, 1). It was this unexpected arrange- ment which led to the retreat of Joseph to Galilee (:Matt. ii, 22). He was saluted as " king" by the army, but re- fused to accept that title till it should be confirmed by Augustus (Joseph. A nt. xvii, 8, 2, 4 ; War, i, 1). Short-
HEROD
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HEROD
Iv after this a sedition was raised against him, which he quelled by killing 3000 persons, and he then set sail with his brother Antipas to Kome (Josephus, ^ ?^^ xvii, 9, 2, 4 ; War, ii, 2, 3). Upon this the Jews sent an embassy to Augustus, to request that they might be allowed to live according to their own laws under a Koman gov- ernor. Our Lord seems to allude to this circumstance in the parable of the nobleman gouig into a far coim- try to receive for himself a kingdom : " But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him, saying. We will not have this man to reign over us" (Luke xix, 12- 27). While he was at Rome, Jerusalem was under the care of Sabinus, the Koman procurator, and a qnarrel ensued in consequence of the manner in which the Jews were treated. Quiet was again established through the intervention of Varus, the president of SjTia, and the authors of the sedition were piuiished (Josephus, Ant. xvii, 10). Augustus, however, ratified the main points of Herod's will, and gave Archelaus Judtea, Samaria, and Idumaja, with the cities of Ca;sarea, Sebaste, Joppa, and Jerusalem, the title of ethnarch, and a promise that he should have the royal dignity hereafter if he governed virtuously (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 11,4; War, ii, 6, 3). Ar- chelaus never really had the title of king {fSaaiXivg'), though at first called so by the people (Josephus, A7it. xvii, 8, 2), yet we cannot object to the word liaaiXtvu in IMatthew, for Archelaus regarded himself as king (Jo- sephus, Wai; ii, 1, 1), and Josephus speaks of the prov- ince of Lysanias, which was only a tetrarchy, as [Sam- Xeiav T))v Avaaviov (TTor, ii, 11, 5). Herod (Antipas) the tetrarch is also called o jiaaLXevg (Matt, xiv, 9; Mark vi, 14). When Archelaus returned to Judrea he rebuilt the royal palace at Jericho, and established a village, naming it after himself, Archelais (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 13, 1). Shortly after Archelaus's return he vio- lated the Mosaic law by marrying Glaphyra, the daugh- ter of Archelaus, long of Cappadocia, and the Jews com- plaining again loudly of his tjTanny, Augustus summon- ed him to Rome, and finally, A.D. 6, sent him into exile at Vienna in Gaul, where he probably died, and his do- minions were attached to the Koman empire (Josephus, A7it. xvii, 13, 2; Wa7; ii, 7; compare Strabo, xvi, 7G5; Dion Cassius, Iv, 25, 27). Jerome, however, relates that he was shown the tomb of Archelaus near Bethlehem {Onomasticon, s. v.). Coins with the title G9NAPX0Y belong to Archelaus. See Archelaus.