As a writer Hilary is copious, and fertile in thought and illustration, but often turgid and obscure iij style. A pretty full analysis of his writings is given in Clarke, Succession of Sacred Literature, i, 302 sq. The chief among them are, I. Ad Const antium A agustitm Liber Pri- mus, written, it is believed, A.D. 355, to demand from the emperor protection against the persecutions of the Arians : — 2. Commentariits (s. Tractatiis) in Evanf/elium Jfatl/i(ei (A.D. 356), in the tone and spirit of Origen : it is repeatedly quoted by Jerome and Augustine. The preface, quoted in Cassianus (Be Imam, vii, 24), is lost : — 3. Be Si/nodis Fidei Cat/iolicce contra A rianos, etc., or Epistola (A.D. 358), explaining the views of the Eastern Church on the Trinity, and showing that their difference from the Western Church lay more in the ex- pressions than in the dogma: — A. Be Trinit ate Libri xii, s. Contra Arianos, s. Be Fide, etc. (A.D. 360), his most important work, and the first great controversial treatise on the Trinity in the Latin Church :— 5. ^ tZ Constantiuni A ugustum Liber secundus (A.D. 360), a pe- tition concerning his banishment, and a vindication of his principles : — 6. Contra Constantium Avgustum Li- ber, a virulent attack against Constantius, which has been mentioned above. It is remarkable, inasmuch as it confines the creed to the words of Scripture, and proves that some of the fundamental doctrines of the Romish Church, as opposed to the Protestant, had al- ready been called in question at that time :— 7. Com- mentarii (s. Tractatus, s. Expositiones) in Psalmos, gen- eral reflections upon the spirit of different psalms, writ- ten in the manner of Origen ; — 8. Fragmenta llihirii, containing passages i'roni a lost work on the synods of Selcucia and Ariminum, etc., first published by Faber in 1598. Some of his ^vorks are lost, and others have been erroneously attributed to him. The works of Hi- larius have been published by Mirseus (Paris, 1544), Eras- mus (Basel, 1523; reprinted 1526, 1535, 1550, 1570), Gil- lot (Paris, 1572 ; reprinted, with several improvements, 1605, 1631, 1652); by Dom Constant, of the Benedic- tines (Paris, 1693, deemed by some the best edition), the JMarquis de !Maffei (Yerona, 1730), and Oberthiir (1781- 88, 4 vols. S\o). See Vita S. Eilarii, operihiis ejus a Bom. Constant coUectis pi-trfixa ; Gallia Cfiristiana, vol. ii, col. 1038 ; Hist, litter, de la France, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 139 ; Cave, Scripi07-es Eccles. i, 213 ; Tilleniont, Mhnoins, vii, 432 ; Oudin, Scnpt.Fcclesiastici, i, 426 ; C'-illier, J/ist. des A utetirs EccUsiastiques, v, 1 ; lloefer, Xour. Biog. Gene- rale, xxiv, 660; Umith. Bid iutxirg of G red,- and Ptman Biog?: vol. ii ; English ( 'iji-hqut did ; Herzog, Real-Ency- llnpadie,\-'\,M sq.; Donicr. I. dire v. d. Person Chrisli, i, 1037; Dupin, Ecckslas/ical Writers, cent, iv; Keander, Ilistorii of Bogmas ; Neander, Ch. I/istorg, ii, 396, 419, 427, 5.59; Waterland, M'orks; Mosheim, Eccles. liiif. i, 248; Leckv, Rationalism in Europe, ii, 13, 151; Shedd, Gueriche's'Ch. Histoi-y, p. 294, 322, 372 ; Milner, Hist. Ch. Christ, ii, 81 ; Hook, Eccl. Biog. vi, 46; Gibbon, Bedine and Fall, Milman's ed., ii, 320 ; Schaff, Hist. Chr. Church, iii, 589, 664, 959 sq. ; Bibliotheca Sacra, i, 399 ; xi, 299; Lardner, Works, i\-. 178; Riddle, Christian Antiquities; Darling, Cgdnp. Juhl. i. 1476; Milman, Bist. Christian- «Vy,ii,437 .s(|.: iii. KKi. JSd. 356; BauT, Dogmeugeschichte ; Taylor, Anriua ( hrislundty, i, 223, 326; Christian Re- membrancer. Julv, 1*^53, p. 241 ; Brit, and For. Evangel. i?ec. Oct.l866,p.689.
Hilarius or Hilarus I, Pope, or, rather, bishop of Rome, was a Sardinian by birth, and succeeded Leo the Great in the year 461. '"• He had been employed by Leo in important affairs ; among others, he was sent as legate to the Robber Comicil of Ephesus (q. v.) in 449,
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against the Eiitychians, and was well versed in matters concerning the discipline of the Church, which he dis- played great zeal in enforcing. He interfered iii the election and consecration of bishops by their metro- politans in France and Spaui, and jiistitied his interfer- ence by alleguig the pre-eminence of the see of Rome over all the sees of the West, a pre-eminence which he, however, acknowledged, in one of his letters, to be de- rived from the emperor's favor. He also forbade bish- ops nominating their successors, a practice which was then frequent. He, however, did not declare elections or nominations to be illegal merely from his own au- tliority, but assembled a council to decide on those ques- tions. Hilarius died at Rome in 4G7." See English Cijclnpceclia, s. v.; Bower, Bisf. of the PojJes, ii, 141 sq.; jkffe, Eeffesta Pont. Earn. p. 48, 933.
Hilary. See Hilarius.
Hilda, St., the celebrated abbess of Whitby, was grand-niece of Edwin, king of Northumbria, and con- spicuous for piety and devotion to the Christian faith from the age of thirteen. When, after the death of Ed- win, the Northumbrians relapsed into idolatry, Hilda ■^^'ithdrew, probably, into East Anglia, but returned to Northumbria on the accession of Oswald, and, devoting herself to a life of celibacy, founded a small nunnery on the Wear. She subsequently (about A.D. 650) became abbess of Heorta, now Hartlepool, where she remained seven years. Oswy, the brother and successor of the gentle and virtuous Oswald, when marching to defend his tlironc and faith against Penda, the pagan king of Mercia, vowed tliat if the Lord vouchsafed to him the victory, he woidd devote to his service in holy vir- ginity his infant daughter, the princess Elfleda. Hav- ing defeated and slain his dreaded foe near Leeds, in Yorkshir.:', Oswy, in pursuance of his vow, committed Eltleda, Avith princely gifts in lands, etc., to the care of Hilda. Soon afterwards Hilda purchased ten "hides" of land at Streoneshalb, now Wliitby, and erected a new monastery, in which she, as abbess, took up her abode with her royal charge. Th2 wealth of this monastery, and the dignity and high religious char- acter of Hilda, made it the most celebrated in Eng- land, and a nursery of eminent men, among whom may be mentioned Hedda, Wilfrid, and Credmon, the poet. Dugdale (as quoted by Mrs. Jameson) says that Hilda "was a professed enemy to the extension of the papal jurisdiction in this countrj', and opposed with all her might the tonsiu-e of priests and the celebration of Eas- ter according to the Roman ritual." She died in No- vember, 680, aged sixty-three years, and was succeeded as abbess by Elfleda. .Among the marvels related of her are that a nun at Hakenes saw angels conveying her soul to bliss, and that certain fossils found near Wliitljy having the form of coiled snakes were those reptiles thus changed by the power of her prayers. — Smith, Rel of Anc. Brit. p. 343-47; Butler, Lives of the Sitints, Nov. 18; Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. (Anglo-Saxon Period), see Index; Jameson, Legends of the Monastic Orders, \xb8-G2. (J.W.M.)