Hiouen-tsang, a celebrated Buddhist traveller of China, was born A.D. G03. At the age of twenty he took priest's orders. Even at this early age he had be- come famous for his vast information, especially in the Buddhist faith, and in the doctrines of Confucius and Laotse. A desire to study the origin of Buddhism made liim overcome all the obstacles in his way, and he set out on a journey to India in the first half of the 7th cen- tury (629). He travelled sixteen years in that country, and on his return wrote a work describing his travels, which Avere published under the auspices of the Chinese
emperor of his time. In this work he gave a very de. tailed and interesting account of the condition of Buddh- ism as it prevailed at that period in India. His inqui- ries having been chiefly devoted to Buddhism, he ilid not enter much into details concerning the social and political condition of the country; but many curious no- tices which he gives on other matters, besides those of Buddhist interest that came under his obser\-atii)n, and the high degree of trustworthiness which his narrative possesses, makes it one of the most inqiurtaiit works on the history of India in general, and of Buddhism in ])ar- ticular, diuring this period. He travelled aloiu . or « ith a few occasional companions, wearing the garb vfu n- ligious mendicant, from China to India. He brought with him on his return to his native countrj', besides images of Buddha and various sacred relics, an immense collection of works, the extent of which may be esti- mated from the statement of Miiller, '"It is said that the number of works translated by llioucn-tsang, with the assistance of a large staff of monks, amounted to 740, in 1335 volumes" {Chips, i, 272). He died A.D. GG4. Two of his friends and pupils liave left an account of their instructor, and M. Stanislas Julien, wlio has lately translated the travels of Hiouen-tsang from Chi- nese into French {Voyages des Pelerins Eoitddhistes, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1853-1857), prefixes a translation of this biography to the translation of the travels of Hi- ouen-tsang. An abstract of this work, by the late Pro- fessor H. H. Wilson, appeared in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, xvii, lOG-137. A very full account of the life and works of Hiouen-tsang is given by Max Miiller (C/(i>«), with a review of the translation of M, Julien. — Miiller, Chips from a German Workshop, i, 232- 275 ; Julien, Histoire de la Vie de Hiouen-tsang ; Alemoires sur les Contrees Occidentales, par Hiouen-tsang ; Hoefer, Nam: Bioq. Gener. xxiv, 715 sq. ; Chambers, Encyclop. v, 372. (J.H.W.)
Hip (pTJ, shol; usually "shoulder") occurs in the A. V. only in the phrase "hip and thigh" (lit./fy upon thigh), in the account of Samson's slaughter of the Phil- istines (Judg.xv, 8) ; evidently a proverbial phrase, i.e. "he cut them ua pieces so that their limbs, their legs and their thighs, were scattered one upon another, q.d. he totally destroyed them" (Gesenius). See Samson.
Hip, in architecture, is the external angle formed by the meeting of the slop- ing sides of a roof which have their wall-plates running in different di- rections: thus, when a roof has the end sloped back, instead of finishing with a gable, the pieces of timber in these angles arc called hip-rafters, and
the tiles with which they r^^^ jj^gg ^b, BC, are the hips, are covered are called
hip-tiles. The internal angles formed by the meeting of the sides are termed valleys, whether the latter be horizontal or sloping, and the piece of timber that sup- ports a sloping valley is termed the valley rafter. Such a roof is called a hip-roof— P&iiker, Glossary.
Hip-knob. See Finial.
Hippicus (l-7nTiK6c, equestrian'), the name given by Herod (in honor of one'of his generals) to that one of the three towers (Josephus,lI'«/-,ii, 17, 9) along the first wall of Jerusalem, inclosing Mount Zion on the north, which lay westernmost, and at its junction with the third wail (U'o;-, v, 4, 2),being built up with immense strength {ih. 3). Its remains are still a ver>- prominent object in the citv (Robinson, Researches, i, 453 sq.; Bart- lett, Wcdks about Jerusalem, p. 85 sq.). Schwarz ab- surdly identifies it {Palest.-p. 251) with the tower of Han- aneel (q.v.) of Jer. xxxi, 38, on the authority of Jona- than's Targum, which there has " the tower of Pikus (DipiS)." See jKr.usALEM.
HIPPO
268
HIPPOLYTUS
Hippo, in Africa, now called Bona, a maritime col- ony. (See Schaflf, Ch. Hist, iii, 993, note 1.) A general eouncLl was held at this place in 393. Aureliiis, bishop of Carthage, presided. Augustine made a discourse be- fore the council on the subject of faith, the Creed, and against the Manichteans. Forty-one canons were agreed to, which were taken as the model for after councils. " The first express definition of the N.-T. Canon, in the form in which it has since been miiversally retained, was fixed at the council of A.D. 393, at Hippo." Anoth- er council was held in 426, in which Augustine appoint- ed Eradius his successor, requiring Eradiiis, howevei-, in accordance with the canon of Nicaja, to remain in his priestly office vmtil Augustine's death. — Smith, Tables of Church History ; Landon, Manual o/ Councils; Schaif, Church Histor;/, i, § 75 ; iii. (509.