genuine nor authentic; and he has since followed it up by hia Histoire de VEylise de Rome sous Us I'ontiiiriits de iSt. Victor, St. Zephyrin, et St. Callistc (Paris, i «.",(•.). He has also published an elegant edition of (he I'hilnso- phoumena, -with Latin version, notes, and indexes (Par. 18()1, 8vo). The best edition of the work, however, is that of Duncker and Schcidewin ((Jiittingen, 1859, 8vo). Another edition, which embraces all the Greek works of Hippolytus, was iiublished by Lagarde {f/ip- polyti Romani qucefernntur omnia 6'?-a'cc, Leips. 1858). The subject is vcr>' ably treated in its theological as- pects, especially in their bearing on the Romish contro- versy, by Wordsworth, Hippolytus and the Church of Rome (London, 1852, 8vo). A very good account of the history and contents of the book, with an English trans- lation of the most important parts, is given by Taykr, Hippolytus and the Christian Church of thv Third'Cih- tury (Lond. 1853, 12mo), and by Vollimar, Hippolytus u. d. rbm. Zeityenossen (Zurich, 1855). Tlie leading re- views have generally given articles on the subject: see especially Methodist Quarterli/ Review, Oct. 1851 ; Jan. 18(;;;.p. ir.O; Quart, rly Rer. (L(,n<l.) lxxxix,87; Journ. ofSarnd lAliriitiirr.Aim. IS,",:!, and Jan. 1854; N.Brit. Rcrliir.^ov. l,s.-,4: Kdiiiburyh /.V r/r/r. Jan. 1853 : Illgcn, Zi llsrlirftf hist. Theoloy. 1842, ill. JS.-77 ; l.sf,-.'. ii. I'ls ; .loll null des Dcbats, Dec. 1852; K-uir, lluoloij. .Inhrlm- ilii r (fubingen, 1853); Siudien u. Kriiih; ii. by CicKJcr (1853). Another important work ascribed to Ilijiiioly- tus, a collection of canons, has lately been publislied for the first time, in an Arabic translation, by Dr. Hambcrg (fkmones S. Uippohjii A ruhici' v voilh-'dnts Romanis cum versione Latiim. aiiiiotnlioiiiliii.'i ,t proliymnenis, Munich, 1870). Tl\e collcctiou cmitaius thiity- eight canons which are known to have been in use in the 12th cen- tury in the Coptic Church. Before this time no men- tion is made of this work by any ecclesiastical writer; but the editor regards this as no argument against its authenticity (which he defends), as all the works of Hippolytus had fallen into oblivion. In case it is gen- uine, its contents are of considerable importance for the history of Christian doctrines and on the constitution of the Christian Church.
Lipsius, in his work Zur QuellenTcritik der Epiphanies (\'icnna, 1865), has shown that the work of Hippolytus against thirty-two sects, the conclusion of which is still extant under the title of a homily against the heresy of Noetus, is the basis of the Philosophoumena, and can, to a large extent, be reconstructed from it. See also Schaft", Church History, Yol.i, § 125; Hare, Contest viih Rome, p. 214 ; Neander, Histoi-y of Dogmas, i, 51 ; Milnian, Lut. Christ. i, 6G sq. ; Lardner", Tloj-Avs ii,409 sq. ; Hcrzog. Real- Encyklop. vi, 131 sq. ; Hocfer, Kouv. Biog. Gener. xxiv, 777 sq. ; Chambers, Cyclopcedia, v, 37G ; and, for the Ro- man Catholic side, Wetzer uiid W'elte, Kitchen J.exikor, V, 210 sq. ; Allgem. Recd-EncyUop.f. d. Kathol. Jkutseh- land, V, 374. Early monograjihs on Hippolytus were written hy 'Frommawn. ]iil< r/in It. Xnr 'r<.<l.i.r liipjiol. (Coblentz, 17C5, 4to) ; C. (J. 1 i:;iuU. I)< lliipol. ( ( ;r,ttii,i,-. 1838, 8vo) ; Heumann, I'hi et quails ,pi.<rop.fu,ril Hip- polytus (Getting. 1737, 4to) ; \\'uog,Eragmeut.Hip2iolyti Martyris (Lips. 1762, 4to). On the earlier writings of Hippolytus, see Clarke, Succession of Sacred JAterature, i, 158 ; 'Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. vi, 20-23 ; Lardner, Credi- hility of the Gospel History, ii, 35; Tillemont, Memoirts, etc.! iii, 104 ; Neander, Ch. Hist, cent, iii, pt. ii, eh. ii, § 7.
Hippolytus, BROTHERS (or Hospital JIonks) of THE Christian Love of, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Cluirch, established about 1585 by Bernardin Alvarez, a citizen of Mexico, for nursing the sick. It was sanctioned by the popes Sixtus Vand Clement VIII, and received the same rights as the order of Brothers of Charity which had been estabhshed by St. Johaimcs a Deo, aiid with which it had statutes, aim, and dress in common. It only differs from it by the color of the monastic dress. The order was named after the patron saint of the city of Mexico, in commemoration of the fall of paganism", and the capture of the city of Mexico
HIPPOPOTAMUS
270
HIPPOPOTAMUS
by the Christians on the day of St. Hippolytus (August 13). It never spread beyond Spanish America. (A.J. S.)
Hospital Monk of St. Hippolylns.
Hippopotamus, an animal regarded by Bochart (^Hieroz. iii, 705), Ludolf {Hist. yEthiop. i, 11), Shaw {Trav. ii, 299, Lond. 8vo), Scheuzer {Phys. Sac. on Job xl), Rosenmiiller {Not. ad Bochart. Hieroz. iii, 705, and Schol. ad Vet. Test, in Job xl), Taylor {Appendix to Cnl- mefs Diet. Bihl. No. Ixv), Harmer {Observations, ii, 319), Gesenius {Thes. s. v. nTCtia), Fiirst {Concord. Ileh. s. v.), and English commentators generally, as being desig- nated by the Heb. word J^.T^ija (heliemoth' m Job xl, 15), by which, however, some writers, as Vatablus, Dru- sius, Grotius {Crit. Sac.Annotationis ad Job. xl), Pfeiffer, {Dubia vexata S. S., p. 594, Dresden, 1679), Castell {Lex. Jlept. p. 29-2), A. Schultens {Comment, in Job. xl), Mi- chaelis {Suppl. ad Lex. Heb. No. 208), have understood the elephant; while others, again, amongst whom is Lee {Comment, on Job. xl, and Lex. Heb. s. v. HI ^n^), con- sider the Hebrew term as a plural noun for " cattle" in general ; it being left to the reader to apply to the scrip- tural allusions the particular animal, which may be, ac- cording to Lee, " either the horse, or wild ass, or wild biiU"(!). Compare also Reiske, Conjecturop. in Job. p. 167. Dr.JNIason Good {Book of Job literally translated, p. 473, Lond. 1712) has hazarded a conjecture that the ie/?e»?o?A di notes some extinct pachyderm like the mammoth, with a view to combine the characteristics of the hippo- potamus and elephant, and so to fulfil all the scriptural demands. Compare with this Michaelis {Sup. ad Lex. Heb. No. 208), and Hasoeus (in Dissertat. Syllog. No. vii, § 37, and § 38, p. 506), who rejects with some scorn the notion of the identity of behemoth and mammoth. Dr. Kitto {Pict. Bib. Job xl) and Colonel Hamilton Smith (Kitto's Cycl. Bib. Lit. art. Behemoth), from being una- ble to make all the scriptural details correspond with any one particular animal, are of opinion that behemoth is a plural term, and is to be taken as a poetical person- ification of the great pachydermata generally, wherein the idea of hippopotamus is predominant. The term behemoth would thus be the counterpart of leviathan, the animal mentioned next in the book of Job ; which word, although its signification in that passage is restricted to the crocodile, does yet stand in Scripture for a python, or a whale, or some other huge monster of the deep. See LsviATHAN. According to the Talmud, beliemoth is some huge land-animal which daily consumes the grass off a thousand hills ; he is to have, at some future period, a battle with leviathan. On account of his grazing on the mountains, he is called " the bull of the high moun- tains." (See Lewysohn, Zool. des Talmuds, p. 355). " The ' fathers,' for the most part," says Cary (Job, p. 402), " surrounded the subject with an avre equally dreadful, and in the behemoth here, and in the levia-