Honoriu.s II {Peter Cadolaus}, Antipope, was elect- ed in 1061, through the influence of Henry IV, in oppo- sition to Alexander II, who had been chosen by the cardinals -ivithout his assent. The election took place in a council convened at Basle, and Honorius afterwards went to Rome. The German bishops, however, un- der the influence of Htinno, archbishop of Cologne, sided with Alexander II at the Synod of Augsburg, 1062; and, finally, the Synod of Jlantua, 1064, pronounced the deposition of Honorius, and he was obliged thereafter to confine himself to the bishopric of Padua, which he held before his election. Yet he upheld his pretensions to the pontifical see until his death in 1072. He was ac- cused of simony and of concubinage. He is generallj'- not counted among the popes on account of his deposi- tion.— Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vol. v ; Schriickh, Kirch- engesch. xxii, 882, 385 sq.; Riddle, Hist, of the Papacy, ii,119; Wetzer u.\Velte,/v2Vc^(?«-LeT. V, 318 sq.; Asch- bach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 323. Sec Alexaxdeu II.
Honorius II (cardinal Lambert'), Pope, originally bishop of Ostia, was elected pope by the cardinals iu 1124, after the death of CaUxtus II, while most of the bishops assembled at Rome elected Tebaldus, cardinal of Santa Anastasia. Tebaldus, finding that Honorius was supported by the powerful family of the Frangipa- ni, and that the people were divided in oijinion, to avoid further strife, -waived his claim. Honorius himself also expressed doubts concerning the validity of his own election ; he M'as sulisequcntly re-elected by the clergy and the people of Rome without opposition, and v.as consecrated Dec. 21, 1124. He refused the investiture of the duchies of Apulia and Calabria to Roger, count of Sicily; and Roger having besieged the pope v.ithin Benevento, Honorius excommunicated him ; but after- wards peace was concluded between them, and Hono- rius granted the investiture. He confirmed the elec- tion of Lothaire II to the empire, and excommunicated his rival, Conrad of Franconia. He also confirmed the organization of the order of Premonstratensis, and at the Synod of Troyes (1128) that of the Templars; and condemned the abbots of Cluny and of I-lount Cassin, against whom complaints had l)een made. He died in the convent of St. Andrew, Fcl). 14, 1 ISO.— Enylish Cy- clopcedia; Hoefer, jXouv. Bioy. Gener. xxv, 89; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vi, 19 sq.; Kiddle, Hm. of the Papa- cy, ii, "l69 ; Schrcickh, Kirchengesch. xxvi, 95 sq. ; ilil-
HONORIUS
326
HONTHEBI
man, Lat. Christianity, iv, 144, 151 sq. ; Wetzer u.Welte, Kirchen-Lex. v, 317 sq. ; Aschbach, Kirchen^Lex. iii, 323 sq.
Honorius III (Cencio Savelli), Pope, a native of Rome, was cardinal of St. John and St. Paul, and suc- ceeded pope Innocent III in 1216. He showed a very accommodating spirit in his relations with the temporal powers. Thus, when Frederick II permitted his son Henry, already king of Sicily, to be elected king of Ger- many, in April, 1220, he even consented to officiate at the coronation (November, 1220). But it is generally be- lieved that the object of the pope in consenting so read- ily to the desires of Frederick II was to gain liim for the great crusade against the IMussulmans in the East which he contemplated. This good understanding be- tween the pope and the emperor was interrupted when the latter, instead of proceeding directh' to Palestine, tarried in Apulia and Sicily, and attempted to regain those countries. Honorius sent his chaplain, Alatrinus, to the imperial diet at Cremona in 1226, and the em- peror was obliged to renounce his plan of aggrandize- ment. Honorius even went so far as to threaten him (1225) with excommmiication if he did not start for the Holy Land by August, 1227, and he would probably have executed his threat had not death interfered. This conciliatory spirit Honorius failed to manifest to- wards count Itaymond VII of Toulouse. He excited Louis VIII of France to make war against Rajonond ; but neither Honorius nor Louis lived to see the end of the conflict. He was also frequently at variance with the nobles and people of Rome, by whom he was a num- ber of times driven from the city. His pontiMcate was therefore not a very quiet one. He died March 12, 1227. Officially Honorius confirmed the organization of the Dominicans in 1216, and of the Franciscans in 1223. He was the first pope who granted indulgences at the canonization of saints. He was considered a learned man in his day, and is supposed to have been the au- thor of the Conjurationes adversus principem tenehrarum (Rome, 1629, 8vo). — Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, yo\.\ \ Hoefer, Nouv. Biocj. Generale, xxv, 90 ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes,vi, 216-221 ; Neander, Ch. History, iv, 41, 177, 270, 341; MUman, Lnt. Christianity, v (see Index) ; Ilc- fele, Conciliengesch. iii, 811 sq. ; Ebrard, D()<iiiii iiii<.<rh. ii, 180; Schrockh, A'jVcA«;^esc/i!.xxvi,328; xxv. 1 1.) sn..:!.!9 sq. ; xxix, 632; Fuhrmann, Handivortei-b. der Kirchen- ffesch. ii, 341 ; Cave, Hist. lit. script, ecd. ii, 287 ; Wetzer u.Welte, Kirchen-Lex. V, 319; Aschbach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 324; Raumer, Gesckichte d. llohenstaiifen, iii, 307 sq. (J.H.W.)
Honorius IV (Giacomo Savelli), was pope from April 2, 1285, to April 3, 1287. He espoused the cause of Charles of Anjou against the Aragonese, who had oc- cupied Sicily ; and he even incited to a crusade against the latter, qualifying it as a "holy war." He distin- guished himself greatly by his zeal for the preservation and augmentation of the privileges of the Church, and for the recovery of the Holy Land. He cleared the Pa- pal States of the bands of robbers with which they were overrun, and imparted a new impulse to arts and sci- ences, which up to his time had been much neglected ; among other improvements, he attempted to establish a course of Oriental languages at the University of Paris, but he did not succeed. During his brief pontificate he is said to have succeeded in enriching his family. — Migne, Diet. Eccles. ; Hoefer, Kouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 91 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist, ii, 301 ; Schrockh, Kirchenr/esch. xxvi, 511 sq. ; Bower, IHstory of the Popes, vi, 326 sq. ; Slilman, Latin Christianity, vi, 172; Riddle, Ifkt. of the Papacy, ii, 235 ; Neander, Ch. Hist, iv, 65, 627 ; Wetzer II. AVelte, Kirchen-Lex, v, 322 ; Aschbach, Kiixhen-Lex. iii, 325.