Hood (^■'3^, tsaniph'), a tiara round the head, spoken of a female head-band (Isa. iii, 23) ; elsewhere rendered " diadem," e. g. a man's turban (Job xxix, 14) ; the high-priest's " mitre'' (Zech. iii, 5) ; the king's crown (Isa. Ixii, 3, marg.). See Head-dress, etc.
HOOD (Saxon hod; comp. Germ, hut, hat), borrowed from the Roman cuculus, is (1.) the cowl of a monk. (2.) In England, an ornamental fold that hangs down the back of a graduate to mark his degree. This part of the dress was formerly not intended for distinction and ornament, but for use. It was generally fastened to the back of the cope or other vesture, and in case of rain or cold was drawn over the head. In the univer- sities the hoods of the graduates were made to signify their degrees by varying the colors and materials. B\' the fifty-eighth canon of the Church of England " every minister saying the public prayers, or ministering the sacraments, or other rites of the Church, if they are graduates, shall wear upon their surjilices, at such times, such hoods as by the orders of the miiversities are agree- able to their degrees." — Hook, Church Dictionary, s. v. ; 'Wheatly, Book of Common Prayer, p. 102, 103.
Hoof (nD"lS, parsah', cloven, i. e. a cleft hoof as of neat cattle, Exod. x, 26 ; Ezek, xxii ; Mic. iv, 13, etc. ;
hence of the horse, though not cloven, Isa. v, 28; Jer. xlvii, 3 ; " claws" of any animal, Zech. xi, 16). In Lev. xi, 3 sq. ; Deut. iv, 6 sq., the " parting of the hoof" is made one of the main distinctions between clean and unclean animals ; and this is applied even to the camel, after a popular rather than a scientific classification. See C.VJiEL.
Hooght, Eberiiard van der, a distinguislied Dutch Orientalist, was born in the latter half of the 17th century. He was a Reformed preacher at Nieu wen- dam, but spent the greater part of his time in the stu<ly of the Oriental languages, especially the Hebrew. He died in 1716. He wrote Janua lingua sanctm (Amst. 1687, 4to; ibid. 1696 [?], Svo) -.—Medulla grumm. Hehr. (Amst. 1696, 8vo) i—iSyntaxis Ebrcea, Chald. et Syr. : — Lex. Novum Test. GrcBco-Latinum, etc. Especially cel- ebrated is his edition of the Biblia Hebraica (Amsterd. and Utrecht, 1705, Oxf. 1750, London, 1774, and often-, lately again bvTauchnitz. Lpz. 1835, and often). — Pierer, IMv. Lex. vi"ii, 524; Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. ii, 381; iv, 117. See CRiTicisjr, Biblical.
Hoogstraten (also called Hociistraten), Jacob VAN, y)T'wr of the Dominican convent of Cologne, and an ardent adversary of Reuchlin, Luther, and Erasmus, was born at Brabant in 1454. He studied at the Uni- versity of Cologne without much success. Neverthe- less, he was received master of arts in 1485, and after- wards made prior. His great zeal and opposition to the Reformation secured him the nomination of inquisitor at Louvain, besides a professorship of theology at the University of Cologne, for which he Avas in nowise qual- ified. In 1513 he summoned Reuchlin to appear before him, thereby transcending his powers, as Reuchlin, re- siding in another state, could only be summoned by the provincial of the order. He had already published his Lihellus accusatorius contra specidwn ocul. Joh. Reuch- lini, when the chapter of Mentz took Reuchlin's case in hand. But pope Leo X gave commission to bishop George of Speer to settle the controversy. Hoogstraten, not appearing, lost his cause, and was condemned to pay the costs ; but, as he refused to submit to the decree, the whole matter was brought before Leo X, and Hoogstra- ten was summoned to Rome. LT^nwilling either to of- fend the humanists in the person of Reuchlin, or the powerfid Dominicans represented by Hoogstraten, the pope issued a mandatum de supe?-sedendo. Returning to Cologne, Hoogstraten published in 1518 two so-called Apologies, fuU of malice, and in 1519 his Destructio ca- balce, seu cabalistce perjidice a Joh. Reuchlino seu Capni- one (Col. 1519). He also opposed Luther in the most violent manner, proposing that he should be burned at once. Hoogstraten died at Cologne Jan. 21, 1527. His collected works were published at Cologne in 1526. See Herzog, Real-EncyHop. vi, 257 ; Echard, Scriptor. Ord. Prmlicatorum ; lloefer, Noiiv. Biog. Generate, xxv, 105 ; Raumer, Gesch. Europa's, i, 210 ; aiayerhoff, Joh. Reuch- lin, u. s. Zeit, p. 158 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchengesch. xxx, 248; s. d. Reform, i, 139; Bayle, Hist. Diet, iii, 471 sq.; Mosheim, Church Histoi-y, iii, 22.
Hook is the rendering in the Auth. Vers, of the fol- lowing terms in the original. See also Fish-hook; Flesh-hook ; Pruning-hook. The idea of a thorn enters into the etymologj- of several of them, probably because a thorn, hooked or straight, was the eariiest in- strument of this kind. Tacitus thus describes the dress of the ancient Germans. '• A loose mantle, fastened with a clasp, or, when that cannot be had, with a thorn" {Germ. 17). See Thorn.
1. nn, chach (lit. a thorn), a ring inserted in the nos- trils of animals, to which a cord was fastened in order to lead them about or tame them (2 Kings xix, 28 ; Isa. xxxvii, 29 ; Ezek. xxix, 4 ; xxxviii. 4 ; compare Job xl, 26) ; also a " chain" for a captive (Ezek. xLx, 4, 9), and "bracelets" for females (Exod. xxv, 22, where others a nose-ring, others a clasp for fastening the dress). In the first two of the above passages, Jehovah intimates his