1. Trumpets were probably at first merely horns per- forated at the tip, sucli as are still used upon mountain- farms for calling home the laborers at meal-time. If the A. V. of Josh, vi, 4, 5 (" rams' horns," ^^TJl "'^i?) were correct, this would settle the question [see Ra.m's Horn] ; but the fact seems to be that ^ni"^ has nothing to do with ram, and that '\^p_, horn, serves to indicate an instrument which originally was made of liorn, though afterwards, no doubt, constructed of different materials (comp. Varro, L. L. v. 24, 33, '• cornua quod ea qua; nunc sunt ex asre tunc fiehant e cornu bubuli"). See Cornet. The horns which were thus made into trumpets Avere probably those of oxen rather than of rams: the latter would scarcely produce a note suffi- ciently imposing to suggest its association -with the fall of Jericho. See Trumpet.
2. The word " horn" is also applied to a Jlasl: or ves- sel made of horn, containing oil (I Sam. xvi, 1, 13; 1 Kings i, 39), or used as a kuul of toilet-bottle, tillctl with J
the preparation of antimony with which women tinged their eyelashes (Keren-happuch=^)arH<-//07H, name of one of Job's daughters, Job xlii, 14). So in English drinking-horn (commonly called a horn). In the same way the Greek Kipaq sometimes signifies bugle, trum])et (Xenoph. A n. ii, 2, 4), and sometimes drinking-horn (vii, 2, 23). In like manner the Latin cornu means trumpet, and also oil-cruet (Horace, *S'fl^ ii, 2, Gl), smA funnel (Vir- gil, Georg. iii, 509). See also Ink-horn.
II. Metaplioricdlly. — These uses of the word are often ba.sed upon some literal object like a horn, and at other times they are purely figurative.
1. From similarity of Form. — To this use belongs the application of the word horn to a trumpet of metal, as abready mentioned. Horns of ivory, that is, elephants' teeth, are mentioned in Ezek. xxvii, 15, either meta- phorically, from similarity of form, or, as seems more lirobable, from a vulgar error. See Ivory. But more specific are the following metaphors :
(I.) The altar of burnt-offerings (Exod. xxvii, 2) and the altar of incense (Exod. xxx, 2) had each at the four corners four horns of shittim-wood, the first being over- laid with brass, the second with gold (Exod. xxxvii,25; xxxviii, 2 ; Jer, xvii, 1 ; Amos iii, 14). Upon the horns of the altar of burnt-offerings was to be smeared with the finger the blood of the slain bullock (Exod. xxix, 12; Lev. iv, 7-18 ; viii, 15 ; ix, 9 ; xvi, 18 ; Ezek. xliii, 20), By laying hold of these horns of the altar of burnt-offer- ing the criminal found an asylum and safety (1 Kings i, 50; ii, 28), but only when the crime was accidental (Exod. xxi, 14). These horns are said to have served as a means for binding the animal destined for sacrifice (Psa. cxviii, 27), but this use Vv'iner (^IlrnidwOrterh.) de- nies, asserting that they did not and could not answer for such a purpose. These altar-homs are, of course, not to be supposed to have been made of horn, but to have been metallic projections from the four corners {ywviai KeparoEidtiQ, Josephus, War, v, 5, G). See Altar.
(2.) The peak or summit of a hill was called a horn (Isa. V, 1, where hill = horn in Heb. ; comp. Kipag, Xen- ophon, A II. V, G, 7, and cornu, Stat. Theb. v, 532 ; Arab. "Kurun Hattin," Robinson, ^26/. i?es. ii, 370; German SchrecJchorn, Wetterhorn, Aarhorn ; Celt, cairn).
In Isa. V, 1, the emblematic vineyard is described as being literally " in a horn the son of oil," meaning, as given in the EngUsh Bible, "a very fruitful hiU"— a strong ])lace like a hill, yet combining with its strength peculiar fruitfidness.
(3.) In Hab. iii, 4 ("he had horns coming out of his hand") the context implies rays (flight (comp. Deut, xxiii, 2).
The denominative "t'|;="to ^™^^ raj'Sj" is used of Moses's face (Exod. xxxiv, 29, 30, 35) : so all the ver- sions except Aquila and the Vulgate, which have the translations KepanoSric yv, cornnta erat. This ciu-ious idea has not only been perpetuated by paintings, coins, and statues (Zornius, Bihlioth. Antiq. i, 121), but has at least passed muster with Grotius (Annot. ad loc), who cites Aben-Ezra's identification of Closes with the horn- ed Mnevis of Egypt, and suggests that the phenomenon was intended to remind the Israelites of the golden calf! Spencer (Leg. Ilehr. ni,Diss. i, 4) tries a reconciliation of renderings upon the ground that cornua = radii lucis ; but Spanheim (Diss, vii, 1), not content with stigma- tizing the efforts of art in this direction as " pra^postcra industria," distinctly attributes to Jerome a belief in the veritable horns of ]Moscs. See Nimbus.
2. F7-oin similarity of Position and Use. — Two princi- pal applications of this metaphor will be found — strength and honor. Of strength the horn of the unicorn [see Unicorn] was the most frequent representative (Deut. xxxii, 17, etc.), but not always; comp. 1 Kings xxii, 11, where probably horns of iron, worn defiantly and sym- liolically on the head, are intended. Expressive of the same idea, or perhaps merely a decoration, is the Ori- ental military ornament mentioned by Taylor (Calmefs