by a single leech Kitto ; Smith ; Bastow.
The mechanism by which the leech is enabled to gratify its greedy thirst for blood is highly cinious. The throat is spacious, and capable of being everted to a great de- gree. The front border of the mouth is enlarged so as to form a sort of upper lip, and this com- bines with the ^vrinkled inuscular margin of the lower and lateral por- tions to form the suck- er. We may even slit down the ventral mar- gin of the sucker, exposing the whole throat. Then, the edges being folded back, we see implanted in the walls on the dorsal regions of the cavity three white eminences of a cartilaginous texture, which rise to a sharp crescentic edge ; they form a triangular, or, rath- er, a triradiate figure, and by a peculiar saw-like motion so abrade the surface as to cause a flow of blood, which is greatly assisted by the contraction of the edges form- ing a vacuum like a cupping-glass. — Fairbairn, s. v.
Horseman (properly and usually linS bi'S. ha'cd par ash', master of a horse'). Our translation woidd make it appear that a force of cavalr)' accompanied Pharaoh in his pursuit — " his horsemen" (Exod. xiv, 9, etc.). It is, however, a fact not a little remarkable, that in the copious delineations of battle-scenes which occur in the monuments, and which must have been coeval Avith these events, in which, moreover, everything that coidd tend to aggrandize the power or flatter the pride of Egypt would be introduced, there never occurs any representation of Egyptian cavalry. The armies are always composed of troops of infantrj' armed with the bow and spear, and of ranks of chariots dra^vn by two horses. Both Diodorus and Herodotus attribute caval- ry to the early Pharaohs; and some eminent antiqua- rians, as Sir Gardiner AVilkinson, endeavor to account for the absence of such a force in the pictorial represen- tations consistently with its existence. But professor
Mouth and Throat of the Leech, opened and magnified.
Hengstenberg has mauitained, and not without some degree of probabiUty, that the word " horsemen" of the above passage should rather be rendered "chariot- riders." We quote his words : " It is accordingly cer- tain that the cavalrj-, in the more ancient period of the Pharaohs, was but little relied on. The question now is, what relation the declarations of the passage before us bear to this result. Were the common view, accord- ing to wliich riding on horses is superadded with equal prominence to the chariot of war, in our passage, the right one, there might arise strong suspicion against the credibility of the narrative. But a more acciu-ate examination shows that the author does not mention Egyptian cavalry at all; that, according to him, the Eg;j'ptiau army is composed only of chariots of war, and
The Sou of king Kameses with his CJtuuioteer. (Wilkm- son.)
that he therefore agrees in a wonderful manner with the native Egj'ptian monuments. And this agreement is the more minute, since the second division of the army represented upon them, the infantry, could not, in the circumstances of our narrative, take part in the pur- suit. The first and principal passage concerning the constituent parts of the Egyptian anny which pursued the Israelites is that in Exod. xiv, 6, 7 : 'And he made ready his chariot, and took his people with him; and he took six hunched chosen chariots, and all the char- iots of Egypt, and chamot-warriors upon aU of them.' Here Pharaoh's preparation for war is fully described. It consists, first, of chariots, and, secondly, of chariot- warriors. Cavalry are no more mentioned than infan- try. This passage, which is so plain, explains the sec- ond one (ver. 9), where the arrival of this same army in sight of the Israelites is plainly and graphically de- scribed, in order to place distinctly before the reader the impression which the view made upon the Israel- ites: 'And the Egyptians follo\ved them and overtook them, where they were encamped by the sea, all the chariot-horses of Pharaoh, and his riders, and his host' " {Egypt and Moses, ch. iv). — Fairbairn, s. v. See Ciiak-
lOT.
In the same connection we may remark that, although the Egyptian warriors usually rode two in a chariot only, yet it appears, from the use of the peculiar term d'lbd, shalish' (lit. third, A.V. "captain"), applied to
Aucieut Assyrian Horseman, ready to mount.
HORSLEY
349
IIORSTIUS
Aucieut Kgyptiau Princes iu their Chariot.
the charioteers destroyed in the Red Sea (Exod. xv, 4), ami to other officers (2 Sam. xxiii, 8, etc.), that occa- sionally at least three persons were accnstomed to ride together in battle ; and this is confirmed by the fact that in some of the delineations on the Egyptian mon- uments we find two persons represented as principals iii a war-car, while a third manages the reins. See Cap- tain.
Among the Assyrians, on the other hand, single riders on horseback Vi'cre not uncommon, although with them, too. the cavalry arm of the military service consisted chielly of chariots. See Akmy.
Horsley, Samuel, one of the most distinguished divines ever produced by the Church of England, was born in London, October, 1733. lie was the son of the Reverend John Horsley (whose father was originally a Nonconformist), for many years the clerk in orders at St. jVIartin's-in-the-Fields, and who held two recto- ries, Thorley in Hertfordshire, and Newington Butts in Surrey. Samuel Horsley was educated at "Westminster School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and had the rec- tory of Newington, which his father resigned to him soon after he had taken orders iu 1759. His more public career may be said to have commenced in 17C7, when he was elected a fellow of the Eoyal Society, of which body he became secretary in 1773. His earliest publications were tracts on scientific subjects, but iu 1776 he projected a complete and uniform edition of the philosophical works of Sir Isaac Newton. Tliis design was not accomplished till 1785, when the fifth and last of the five quarto volumes made its appearance. In the earlier years of his jiublic life he found patrons in the earl of Aylesford, and in Lowth, bishop of London; but we pass over the presentations to his various livings, and the dispensations which the number of his minor preferments rendered necessarj\ In 1781 he was ap- pointed archdeacon of St. Albans. It was a little before the date last named that he first appeared in the field of theological controversy, in Avhich, from the great extent of his knowledge and from the vigor of his intellect, he soon showed himself a verj' powerful combatant. His attacks were chiefiy directed against Dr. Joseph Priest- ley, Avho in a series of publications defended with great subtilty and skill the doctrines of philosophical neces- sit}', materialism, and Unitarianism. Dr. Ilorsley began his attack iu 1778 on the question of J/are's Free Agency; it was continued in a Charr/e delivered in 1783 to the clergy of his archdeaconrj', in which he animadverted on many parts of Dr. Priestley's History of the Corruptions of Christianity. This charge produced a reply from Dr. Priestley, which led to a rejoinder from Dr. Horsley in Seventeen Letters to Dr. Priestley, a masterly defence of the orthodox faith, and the secure foundation of a last- ing theological reputation. These writings are believed to have stopped the progress, for that age, of Socinian-