Horus {'Qpog), the Egj'ptian god of the sim, gen- erally written in hieroglyphics by the sparrow-hawk, and represented with a bird's beak. The old derivation from the Hebrew aur, light, is now recognised as incor- rect. As an Egyptian divinity he is mentioned generally as the son of Isis and Osiris, and brother of Bubastis, the Egyptian Diana. Various esoteric explanations have been given of him, e. g. that " he represents the Nile. as Typhon the desert, the fruitful air or dew which re- vives the earth, the moon, the sun in relation to the changes of the year, or the god who presided over the
course of the sim." He also represented three planets-^ Jupiter (Harapshta), Saturn (Harka), and INIars (Har- teshr). The sparrow-hawk was sacred to him ; so were lions, which were placed at the side of his throne. There was a festival to celebrate his eyes on the 30th Epiphi, when the sun and moon, which they represented, were on the same right Une with the earth. A movable feast, that of his coronation, is supposed to have been selected for the coronations of the kings of Egypt, who are de- scribed as sitting upon his throne. When adult, he is generally represented hawk-headed; as a child, he is seen carried in his mother's arms, wearing the. pshent or atf and seated on a lotus-flower with his finger on his hps. He had an especial local worship at Edfou or Hut, the ancient ApoUinopolis Magna, where he vras identi- fied with Ra, or the Sun. There were also books of Ho- rus and Isis, probably referring to his legend (Lucian, De Somn. sive Gall. s. 183). The magnet was called his bone ; he was of fair complexion (Chambers, Cyclop, v, 430 sq.). He was also worshipped very extensively in Greece, and later at Rome, in a somewhat modified form. In Grecian mythology he was compared with Apollo, and identified with Harpocrates, the last son of Osiris (Plut. De Is. et Os. 19). See Horapollo. They were both represented as youths, and with the same attributes and symbols (Artemid. Oneir. ii, .36 ; IVIacrobius, Sat. i, 23 ; Porphyry ap. Euseb. Prcep. Evang. v, 10 ; lamblichus, De Myster. vii, 2). In the period of the worship of this god at Rome he seems to have been regarded as the god of quiet life and silence (Varro, De L. L. iv, 17, Bip. ; Ovid, Met. ix, 691 ; Ausonius, Epist. ad Paid, xxv, 27), which was due, no doubt, to the belief that he was born
A finely-executed Ijkhi/c ti^iue of If \r.-0£Ei, son of Osi- ris and Athoi, who i^ fieqneutly called the elder Horus. At Ombos he is styled " Re'-ideut in the eyeb of light. Lord of Ombos, the gieat God, Lord of tfie Heavens, Lord of Eelak, Philaa," etc!, and is evidently connected with the Sun. From Memphis. (From Abbott's Collec- tion of Egyptian Antiquities.)
with his finger in his mouth, as indicative of secrecy and mysterj'. Horus acts also a prominent part in the mystic works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus (q.v.). See Smith, Dictionary of Greek aiul Roman A ntiquities, ii, 526; Birch, Gall, of Antiq. p. 35; Wilkinson, Mutm. and Cust. iv, 395 ; Jablonski, Panth. ii, 4, p. 222 ; Cham- pollion, Panth. Eg. ; Hincks, Dublin Univ. JSlag. xxviii, 187 ; Bockh, Manetho, p. 61 ; Bunsen, A egyptens Stelle in d. Weltf/esch. i, 505 sq. See Valentinian Theology. (J.H.W.)
Horowitz, a Jewish family, several members of v/hich have become distinguished as writers. The most renowned are :
1. HoRWiTZ (Sabbatai-Scheftel), Ha-Levi ben-Aki- BA, head of the synagogue of Prague at the beginning of the 16th century. He wrote "I'laTln nbs (Kcrez, 1793, 4to), or Commentary' on Sam. Galicho's O'^p?'. ni3152'1 :— il|n •'naiy n^Oa (Prague, 1616,4to), a di- alogue expounding the Cabalistic doctrine of the soul : —h'Ji rsd (Zolkiew, 1780, 4to), a Cabalistic work di-
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vicled into two parts, making a key to the Jezirah, Zo- har, and other (JabaUstic books.
2. lIoKWiTZ, Abraham, son of the preceding, and known also under the name of Schef teles, was born at Prague in the first half of the 16th century. He wrote the following Hebrew works : Cri'nSX n"''^3, On Re- ■pent(mce and Confession (Cracow, 1002, and often) : — DiTllNb 1DH, a complete commentary on Maimoni- des's iutrod. to the book Aboth of the Talmud (Cracow, 1577, and often) :— "plpnis ij."^ (Prague, 1G15, 4to), con- taining moral instructions, especially intended for his own children: — "^2'n3 p^jJ (Amst. 1757, 4to), contain- ing remarks on the blessings of the Jews and their or- igin.
3. HoRWiTZ, Isaiah, son of the foregoing, bom at Prague about 1550, became the most distinguished of this family. He was Kabbi first at Frankfort, then at I'osen, at Cracow, and at Prague. In 1622 he went to Jerusalem. Poverty induced him to leave that city, and he retired to Tiberias, where he died in 1G29. lie wrote ni"i2n nin^lb ^rd (Amsterd. 16-i9, fol.; several times reprinted), a work which enjoys great reputation among the Jews. It is divided into two parts: the first treats of the existence of God, the law, the privi- leges of the people of Israel, the attributes of God, the sauctuarj', judgment, free agency, the Messiah, worship, ceremonies, and feasts. The second part contains ten treatises on six hundred and thirteen precepts, the oral law, etc. Three abridgments have been published, one by Eppstein (Amst. 1C83, 4to ; several edit.) ; the sec- ond by Zoref Ha-Levi (Frankf. 1681, 4to) ; and the third by CEttling Ben-Jechia (V^en. 1705, 8vo) •—'S'0'1 '^'H??, or Commentary on " the book of Mordecai," was at first published only in part with the Seder Mohed, then sep- arately (Amst. 1757, 4to; Zolkiew, 182G, f(,l.), and oft- ener as an appendix to the book of aiordecai, or in some editions of the Talmud :— ns'^S p-q'J 'c^ Tin jn, re- flections on the Emek Berakah of his father, and print- ed along with it (Crac. 1597, 4to) ; also in the two sep- arate editions of the preceding work: — Q'l'pli'il "i^'lU (Amst. 1717, 4to ; with a preface and glossaries by one of his descendants, Abraham Hon\'itz) : it is a Caba- listic commentary on the Psalms and on prayers. The same work contains also his father's Sejjher Beriih A hrahum.