Graci qui deutero-canonici vocantur, in ires classes dvi~ tributi (Paris, 1753 and 1754, 4 vols. foL). This work, which cost its author twenty years' labor, was publLshcd by the Congregation of the Oratory at an expense of 40,000 francs. It is very carefully executed, and is printed in two columns, one containing the text and the other the translation. The text, printed without vowel points, is but a reprint of Van iler Ilooght's edition of 1705. The corrections proposed by Houbigant (who makes no account of the Keri and Kethib of the Maso- rites), are placed either in the margin or in the form of tables at the end of each volume. The corrections of the Pentateuch are taken from the Samaritan Codex, to which Houbigant, as well as Morin, attached undue im- portance ; others are taken from various MSS. belong- ing to the Congregation of the Oratory, or to the Impe- rial Library of I'aris, but arc not fully indicated by him ; a large number, finally, are merely conjectural, and de- rived from the application of his princii)les of criticism contained in the Prolegomena. Tlicso corrections have not received the approbation of competent judges. Hou- bigant appears not to have had a very clear idea of the relative value of his authorities, and he has been ac- cused of want of thoroughness in his knowledge of He- brew, as well as of arbitrariness in his corrections. The Latin translation was published separately, under the title Veteris Testamenti versio nova (Paris, 1753, 5 vols. 8vo) ; the critical notes and Prolegomena have also been printed separately, under the title Notts Criticce in uni- versos Veteris Testamenti libros, cum Jlebraice turn Greece scriptos, cum integris Prolegomenis, ad exemplar Parisi- ense denuo recensce (Francf. ad Main, 1777, 2 vols. 4to). Houbigant translated bishop Sherlock's Sermons and Leslie's Method with the Deist into French. He left a large number of MSS. which were never published. See Cadry, Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages du P. Houbigant (in the Magasin Ena/clopedique, May, 180C) ; G. W. Meyer, Gesch. d. Schriflerhldr. iv, 154-166, 264-270, 465, 466"; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 241 sq. ; Her- zog, Real-Encyklop. ii, 158; Schrcickh, Kirchengesch. s. d.'^Ref.xu, 168; viii, 50.
Houdayer, Juliex, a French theologian, was bom at Noyen in 1562. In 1595 he was appointed rector of the Sorbonne, and later filled several positions of dis- tinction in the Roman Catholic Church of France. He died Nov. 28, 1619. His only theological work is J)u Devoir des Cures (Le JVIans, 1612, 12mo).— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Genercde, xxv, 247.
Houdry, Vincent, a French Jesuit jireachcr and religious writer, was born at Tours January- 22, 1031. He entered the order in 1044, preached some thirty years, and then devoted his time to writing only. He died March 29, 1729. His principal works are Sermons sur toiw les svjets de la Morale Chreticnne (Paris, 1G96, etc., 20 vols, Vlmo):—Traite de la mani'ere d'imiter les bons predicateurs (Par. 1702, 12mo); and most especially Biblioth'eque des Predicateurs : contenant les principaux sujets de la morale Chrit. (Par. 1712, etc., 23 vols. 4to).— Hoefer. Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 258 ; Chandon and Delandine, Nouv. Diet. Hist, xvi, 313.
Houel, Nicolas, a French philanthropist of the 16th centurj'. He founded at Paris the Maison de la Char- ite Chretienne in 1578. Two years later he published his Avertissement et declaration de V Institution de la Charite Chretienne (Par. 1580, 8vo).— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 258 sq.
Hough C't'^^ akker', Piel of "i;?^, to extirpate'), a method employed by the ancient Israelites to render useless the captured horses of an enemy (Josh, xi, 6; comp. Gen. xlix, 6), as they were not allowed or able to use that animal (so also 2 Sam. viii, 4 ; 1 Chron. xviii, 4). It consisted in hamstringing, i. e. severing " the ten- don Achilles" of the hinder legs (Sept. vtvnoKOTrnv ; compare 'akar; Syr. the same, Barhebr. p. 220). The practice is still common in Arab warfare (Rosenmilller, Institut. juris Moham. circa bellum, § 17). See Horsb.
HOUGH
366
HOUR
Hough, John, D.D., 1, a distinguished English di- vine, bom in Middlesex in 1G51, and educated at Mag- dalen College, Oxford, of which he was elected president in 1687, in spite of the mandamus of king James II, who endeavored to procure the election to the headship of the college first of Anthony Farmer, and then of Dr. Samuel Parker (q. v.), bishop of Oxford, both Koman Catholics in belief, and neither of them fellows of the college, as the statute required. Lord-commissioners having been sent to enforce the royal mandates on the students. Hough, together with twenty-six out of the twenty- eight fellows of the college, courageously protested against their arbitrarj'^ proceedings, and refused to de- liver the keys of the college. Finally, in Oct. 1G87, Dr. Parker was by main force iij^talled in Hough's place. "The nation, as well as the university, looked on all this proceeding with a just indignation. It was thought an open piece of robbery and biu-glary, when men au- thorized by no legal commission came forcibly and tiu-n- ed men out of their possession and freeholds" (bishop Burnet). " The protest of Hough was everywhere ap- plauded ; the forcing of his door was everywhere men- tioned with abhorrence." Less than a year after, James II, under the pressure of political events, thought it pru- dent, however, to retrace his steps, and to conciliate Hough and his adherents. The former was restored to his position as president. After the Revolution, Hough became successively bishop of Oxford in 1G90 ; of Lich- field and Coventry in 1G99 ; and finally, after refusing the archbishopric of Canterbury, bishop of Worcester in 1717. He died in 1743. Hough w^rote Sermons and Charges, published with a Memoir ofihis Life, by Wil- liam Kussell, B.D. etc. (Oxf. 1821) ; and other occasional sermons. — Darling, Cyclopadia Bih/ior/rciphica, i, 1554; Macaulay, History of England, vol. ii ; AUibone, Diction- ary of Authors, i,897; McMastors, Biog. Ind. to Hume's History of England, p. 363 sq.; Stoughton (John), jFc- des. Hist, of England (Lond. 1870), ii,'l33 sq.