order to harmonize the freedom of man with the om^ nipotence of God, between willing per se, and the fixing of the will upon something definite ; making the former free, and the latter bound by the moral government of God. God is consequently not auctor ruendi, but only ordinator incedendi. Hugo was also the first to advance distinctly the idea of gratia superaddita. Grace is both creati-ix and salvatrix ; of these, the creatrix involved the power to be free from sin, but positively to do good required gi-atia apjjosita. After the fall, gratia operans had to be added to gi-atia co-operans. The essence of original sin he holds to consist in ignorance and concu- piscence. To the doctrine of the sacraments Hugo Avas the first of the scholastics to give definiteness. Unsat- isfied with Augustine's definition of them as saci-ce rei sig9mv),'he says, in his Summa, that the sacrament is vis- ibilisfonna ■invisihilis gratice, in eo coUatce. In his Be sacrainentis jidei he defines it still more distinctly as " a corporeal, actually perceptible element, which, by virtue of the divine institution, exhibits, and reallj contains, symbolically, invisible grace." He also distinguishes three classes of sacraments : the first, those on which salvation especially depends (Baptism and the Lord's Supper) ; the second, those which are not necessary to salvation, but yet useful for sanctification— the number of these is indefinite; and, thirdly, that which serves to qualify for the administration of the other sacraments— jiriestly ordination. To the first class. Baptism and the Lord's Supper, he gave not only especial prominence, but he laid particular stress on their careful observance. Of course he believed in transubstantiation, calling the mode of the change transitio, but he considered it a means of communion with Christ. The best edition of his collected works is the first — Opei-a Omnia, stud. Badii Ascensii et J. Parvi (Paris, 1526, 3 vols. fob). The later editions are Venice, 1588; Cologne, 1617; Itoucn, 1648: all in 3 vols. See Xeander, Ch. I/istorg, iv, 401 sq. ; Du- \i'm, l^ccles. Wi-ilers, V2th century: (hxiMn. re, uniinit. de Scrijjt. Eccles. t. ii, p. 1 138 ; Schmid. J/i/s!/ci.<iiiiis d. Mii- telalters (Jena, 1824) ; lAehner, Afoiingnndnv iilxr Hugo (Leips. 1832). A number of the writings attributed to Hugo are probablj' not his, and others of his real Muit- ings remain unedited. The task of selecting what are and what are not his genuine works has been under- taken by M. Haureau, of Paris, who will doubtless do it full justice. See Hoel'er, Nouv. Biog. Generate, xxv, 436 sq. ; Herzog, Recd-Encyldop. \\, 308 sq. ; Maurice, Medi- eval Philos. p. 144 sq. ; Tiedemann, Geist. der speculat, Philos. iv, 289 sq. ; Tennemann, Gesch. d. Philos. viii, 206 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchengesch. xxiv, p. 392 sq. ; xxix, 274 sq. ; 'Hagenha.ch, Hist, of Doctrines (see Index) ; Nean- der, Hist, of Christian Dogmas, ii, 467 sq. (J. II. W.)
Hugo Aicelin de Billom, or Hugo Skquix, was born at Billom, in Auvergne, about 1230, was educated at the college of the Church of St. Sirene, and after- wards entered the monastery at Clermont. He jjreach- ed at various places with great success, and was award- ed, on account of his superior scholarship, the doctorship of divinitj' by the University of Paris, where he was af- terwards jirofessor of theology. In 1285 Hugo went to Kome, and Avas appointed by pope Honorius IV master of his palace. Nicolas IV made him cardinal. May 15, 1288. He died at Eome Dec. 29, 1297. He is said to have Avritten Avorks on the beatific vision, an apologetic- al Avork against the corrupters of the doctrines of St. Thomas, On Jeremiah, a A'olume of Sermons, etc. See Echard, Scriptores ordinis Pra'dicatorum, i, 450 sq. ; Encyclop. Theolog. xxxi, 1091 sq. ; Hoefer, Kouv. Biog, Gcnerale, xxv, 450.
Hugo, Etherien, a Tuscan theologian of the 12th century, contemporary of pope Alexander III, to Avhom he dedicated the principal of his Avorks, lived some time at the court of Constantinople, and Avas highly esteemed by the emperor Comncnus. On the occasion of his con- ference Avith the Greek theologians he Avrote his treatise De Jlceresibus quas Grwci in Latinos devolvunt, also
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known under tlie title of /)e Immoriali Deo, libri iii. It is published in the Lyons edition of the Library of (he Fathers, vol. xxii, col. 1198. The same collection con- tains silso a treatise of Hugo on the State of the Soul separated from the A'oi/y.— Dupin, Bibl. des Auteurs ec- cIc'K. du douzieme sieck; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog, Gen, xxv, 448.
Hugo Grotius. See Grotius.
Hugo, Herman, a distinguished Jesuit, born at Bruisels in 1588, Avrote several historical and theological works. lie is celebrated on account of his Pia dtsideria emhlematibus illustratu (162-1, 8vo; 1G29, 12mo; transla- ted into English as Diriiie Addresses, by Edmund Ark- Avatcr, 3il edit, corrected, Lond. 1702, 8vo). He died of the iiiagiie at Eheinberg Sept. 10, 1G29. See Darling, Cydvp.'lUbL ii, 1572 ; Xouv. Diet. Hist, p.336.
Hugociano, FuANgois, a distinguished Roman Catliolie prelate, according to some was an Englisliman by I>irth, but according to others was born at Pisa in the lirst half of the 14th centurj-. By an actjuaintance which he formed with pope Boniface IX he was able to procure the archbishopric of Bordeaux in 1389, and some time after he was also made Boniface's legate to Gas- eogne, the kingdoms of Navarre, Castile, Leon, and Ar- agou. In 1405 he was made cardinal by pope Innocent VH, and was employed by the papal chair in several theological controversies. He was especially prominent at the Council of Pisa in 1409. He died at Florence Aug. 14, 1412. See Enctjclop. Thtol. xxxi, 1082 sq. (J. II. W.) .