Hugonet, Piin.iBEr.T, a distinguished Roman Catholic prelate wlio flourished in the 15th century, was eihicatcd at the universities of Dijon, Turin, and Padua, and succeeded his uncle in the bishopric of jVIa- con. He was made cardinal in 1473 by pope Sixtiis IV, and died at Rome in 1484. See Encycloji. Theol. xxxi, 1083 ; Hoefer, Xour. Biog. Gen. xxv, 426.
Huguceio of Pisa. See Glossatores.
Huguenots, originally a nickname applied to the partisans of the Reformation in France. The origin of this word is rather obscure. Some derive it from //«- guon, a word applied in Touraine to persons who walk at night in the street — the early French Protestants, like the early Christians, having chosen that time for their religious assemblies. Others derive it from a faulty pronunciation of the German Eidgenossen, signi- fying confederates, on account of the connection between the French Protestants and the Swiss confederates, who maintained themselves against the tyrannical attempts of Charles III, duke of Savoy, and were called Eignots. Others derive it from- the part which the French Prot- estants took in sustaining Henry IV, the descendant of IlKfjues Capet, to the throne of France against the Guises. Another derivation is from the subterraneous vaults in which they held their assemblies, outside the walls of Tours, near a gate called Fourgon, an alteration ixom feu IIu_, .:>. This last derivation is strengthened by the fact that they were originally called " Huguenots of Tours." Still others derive it from the name of a very small coin of the time of Ilugues, to denote the vile condition of the Protestants. Thus the distin- guished German philologist. Prof. ^Mahn, of Berlin, in his EtiiDidhigi^che I'litersiichiingen at'f dem Gebiele der Eiimanifchi It .^juiichen, gives no less than fifteen sup- posed derivations. Iiut inclines himself to the opinion that the word Huguenot was originally applied as a nickname to the early French Protestants, and that it was derived from lliighues, the name of some heretic or conspirator, and was formed from it by the addition of the French diminutive ending at, hke Jacot, jMargot, Jeannot, etc.
At the veri- commencement of the Reformation in Germany, adherents of the cause of the Reformers sprang up in France, then under the government of Francis I, Under the po^vcrful support A\hich these
French Reformers found in jMargaret of Navarre, sister of the king, as early as 1523 Jlelchior Wolmar, a Swiss, preached the Gospel in the south of France, and Lu- theran societies, at this time calling themselves (Jospel- lers (q. v.), were organized by Gerhard Rousscl and Ja- cob Lefiivre. See Fabei!. The circulation of Lefevre's New Testament by the thousand throughout France by peddlers from Switzerland, where copies were printed by Farel (q. v.), still further increased the number of the Reformers, and linally led to the promulgation of an ordinance by the Sorbonne, obtained from the king, for the suppression of printing (Feb. 26, 1535). In 1533, Cal- vin (q. v.), who had been invited to Paris by the rector of the University, began to preach the new doctrines in that and other cities, and by his efforts greatly further- ed the success of the French Protestants, wlio now began to be known by the name of Huguenots. Indeed, so numerous had they become, that to exterminate, if pos- sible, by force, their doctrine before it should sj)read fur- ther, the Church resorted, by consent of the king, in 1545, to a massacre in the Vaudois of Provence, wliich was accompanied by horrors impossible to describe. The new-view religion, liowever, made rajiid ]irogress in spite of all persecutions, and men of rank, of learning, and of arms ranged themselves in its defence. '-The heads of the house of Bourlion. Antoine, duke of Vcn- dome, and Louis, prince of Conde, declared themselves in its favor. The former became the husband of the celebrated Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre, daughter of the Protestant Margaret of Valois, and the latter be- came the recognised leader of the Huguenots. The h.ead of the Coligny family took the same side. The Slontmorencies were divided ; the Constable halting be- tween the two opinions, waiting to see which should prove the stronger, while others of the family openly sided with the Reformed. Indeed, it seemed at one time as if France were on the point of turning Protest- ant." The Huguenots had become strong enough to hold a synod as early as 1559, and in 1561 cardii.al De Sainte-Croix, becoming alarmed, wrote the pope, " The kingdom is already half Huguenot," while the Venetian ambassador jMicheli reported to his government that no provmce in France was free from Protestants. The Roman Catholic clergy, in influence at court, now de- cided to drive Henry II to a more determinc<l opposi- tion against the Huguenots by assuring liim that his life was threatened. Cardinal de Lorraine, the head of the Church in France, declared to him that, '• if the secular arm failed in its duty, all the malcontents would tJirow themselves into this detestable sect. They would lirst destroy the ecclesiastical power, and the royal power would come next." Tlie immediate consequence was a royal edict, in 1559, declaring the crime of liercsy pun- ishable by death, and forbidding the judges to remit or mitigate'the penalty. Tlic (ires of persecution, which had for a time been smouldering, again burst forth. The provincial Parliaments, at the instigation of the Guises, established Chambres ardenies for the punish- ment of Protestants; and executions, confiscations, and banishments became the order of the d.ny throughout France. The death of Henry II, and the accession of Francis II, did not modify in the least the existing state of affairs. JMore violent measures, even, were taken, none of which succeeded in eradicating the great eye- sore of the adherents of the prevalent Church, whose office had now become that of the executioner and hang- man. The Protestants could endure these iiersccuiiona no longer, and resolved on open revolt. Protected by Antoine de Bourbon,king of Navarre, by the Conde.s.the Colignys, and also by such Romanists as v.erc political- ly opposed to the Guises, the Huguenots formed a strong opposition. Having chosen Louis de Conde for their leader, they decided, Feb. 1. 1560, at Nantes, to address a petition "to the king, and. in case it were rejected, to put down the Guises by force of arms, capture the king, and make the prince of Conde governor of the kingdom. The carrying out of this plan was intrusted to Georges