Human Depravity. See Depravity,
Humanists (from the Latin litcrce humaniores, po- lite letters) was the name assumed in the beginning of the 16th century by a party which, with Erasmus and Keuchlin at their head, was especially devoted to the cultivation of classical literature, and which, as not un- frequently happens in the enthusiasm of a new pursuit, was arrayed in opposition to the received system of the schools, not alone in the study of the classical languages, but even in philosophy, and eventually in theology. See Chambers, Cyclop, vol. v. ; Gieseler, Ch. Hist, iii, 406 sq. ; Kurtz, Ch. Hist, ii, 35, 127.
Humanitarians. I. A name given to those sev- eral classes of anti-Trinitarians who believe that Christ was nothing more than a mere man, born according to the usual course of nature, and one who lived and died according to the ordinary circumstances of mankind. As such are generally regarded the early Judaizing sects of Ebion, Cerinthus, and Carpocrates ; but this classifi- cation is by no means justified, especially as regards the Ebionites (q. v.), who taught that at the baptism in the Jordan the JMessianic calling first arose in Jesus, and that at this time a higher spirit joined itself to him, in- vesting him with miraculous powers, that left him only at the hour of his departure from this world. The ear- liest recorded author of the piurely humanitarian theory is generally regarded as Theodotus (q. v.) of Byzantium (A.D. 196), surnamed the Tanner, who, having denied Christ in time of persecution, defended himself after- wards by declaring that, in so doing, " he had denied not God, but man." A contemporary of Theodotus, Ar- tomon (q. v.), in like manner believed in God the crea- tor, but held that Christ was a mere man, born of a vir- gin, however, and superior to the prophets, and asserted that such had been the universal belief of Christians tiU the time of Zephyrinus, 202 (comp. Liddon, Our Lord's Bivinif!/ [Bampton Lect. 1866], p. 425). These opinions must of course be distinguished from the doctrines of the Arian sects, even the lowest schools of which admit the pre-existence of Christ, and his pre-eminence among the creatures of God. See Alogi ; Arians ; Artemonites ; SociNiANS ; Unitarians,
II. The name Humanitarian is also sometimes applied to the disciples of St. Simon (the successor of Baboeuf, who flourished under Napoleon I), and in general to those who look to the perfectibility of human nature as their great moral and social dogma, and ignore alto- gether the dependence of man upon supernatural aid, believing in the all-suflSciency of his own innate powers. A party of Communists who arose in France about 1839 also took the name from the newspaper L'hurnanitaire, their organ. — Buck, Theol. Diet. ; Pierer, Univers. Lex. ; Chambers, Cyclop. ; Shedd, History of Doctrines, i, 259. See Co.-^oiLNisii.
Humanity, the exercise of the social and benevo- lent virtues; a fellow-feeUng for the distresses of an- other. It is properly called humanity because there is little or nothing of it in brutes. The social affections are conceived by aU to be more refined than the selfish. Sj'mpathy and humanity are universally esteemed the finest temper of mind, and for that reason the preva- lence of the social affections in the progress of society is held to be a refinement of our nature. — Buck.
HmiANITY AND CHRISTIANITr. See Chris- tianity.
HUMANITY OF Christ. See Christ, Person of; Christology ; Incarnation.
Human Sacrifices. See Sacrifice.
Human Soul. See Soul.
Humbert (by some improperly called Hubert), a French cardinal, was bom probably towards the dose of the 10th centurj'. He entered the order of the Bene- dictines at Moyen-le-JIoutier in 1015. In 1049 pope Leo IX, who had been bishop of Toul, the diocese in which the monastery of Moyen-le-Moutier was situated, called Humbert to Itomc, and he was first created arch- bishop of Sicily, and in 1051 cardinal bishop of Silva Candida. Humbert is believed to be the first Frencli- maii who received the cardinal's hat. He was inti- mately associated with the pope, was admitted to all his councils, and was the Roman ambassador to Constanti- nople to effect a union with the Eastern or Greek Church. Under pope Victor III he was made chancel- lor and librarian at the Vatican, which oflices he con- tinued to hold under the pontifical successors Etienne III, Nicolas II, and Alexander II. He was at the head of the party opposed to Berenger, and obliged him to make a confession of faith at the synod at Rome in 1059. He died about 1063. He wrote a number of works, among others a treatise against the Simonians (published by Martene in his A necdof a), and a narrative of his embassy to Constantinople. This narrative and two other polemical works against the Greek Church have been printed several times, especially in the An- nales Ecclesiastici of Baronius. All his writuigs have been collected and printed by Jligne, vol. cxliii (1853), p. 929-1278. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generule, xxv, 483; Migne, Encyclop. Theol. xxxi, 1092 sq.
Humbert, general of the order of Dominican monks, was bom at Romans, France, about 1200. He was early sent to Paris to be educated as a clergyman, and soon became prominent as an assistant preacher to the cele- brated Jourdan. He entered the order in 1 224, and was made priest at Lyons. In 1242 he was elected "pro- vincial" of Tuscany, in 1244 '• provincial" of France, and in 1254 general of his order. In 1263, however, he ab- dicated this high position, and retired as a simple monk, first to a monastery at Lyons, and later to a like insti- tution at Valencia. The patriarchate of Jerusalem was oifered him in 1264, but he declined it. He died July 14, 1277. He wrote Officium Ecclesiasticum universum tarn nocturnum quam diurmar., ad nsum ordinis p)rcedica- torum: — Expositio svper rer/ulam St. Augiistini : — Ex- positio super Constitationcs ordinis/rairum py-cedicato- rum, not quite complete : — Liber de instntctione officiali- um ordinis/ratrumprcEdieatorum (printed several times; the best edition, Lyons, 1515) : — De Erudidone Prcedica- toi-um, also entitled De A rte prcedicaiuli, has been insert- ed in the Collection of the Church Fathers, \o\. xxv: — Liber de Prccdicatione Crucis, an appeal to the Chris- tians against infidels : — Liber de eis qua tractunda vide- bantur in Concilio generali Luaduni celebrando, of Vv hich extracts were published by Martene in his Thesaurus A necdot. vol. vii, etc.— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gener. xxv, 483 sq.