art, as she was generally in advance of them in the scale of civilization. "Her fame had extended over Europe, her monasteries were adorned with men of great piety and learning, who were the trainers of the leading spirits of the age. She was the first to break through the dense darkness of the times, and, as she gave Christianity to Scotland, so she also imparted to the Saxons the art of illumination." The first illumi- nator seems to have been Dagoeus, abbot of Iniskeltra, who flourished in the second half of the 6th century. Of English illumuiation, the finest specimen extant is from the 10th century, the celebrated " Benedictional" by St. Ethelwold, bishop of AVinchester, -wTitten and painted between 963 and 084. In the 13th centur\', and even down to its decline three centuries later, the art was greatly fiu-thered by Bona Ventura's series of medi- tations on the life of Christ, which gave minute descrip- tions of the several scenes of which it treated, and thus formed a sort of ideal. During the Byzantine period it was mainly the Scriptures, the works of the fathers, and books for Church service generally that were illumina- ted. Later, volumes for private devotion were also thus enriched, until, at the close of the 15th centurj^ the art of illumination was generally applied not only to books, but to MSS. of almost any sort. The invention of print- ing seemed to sound its death-knell, and it is not to be wondered at that the monks, who, being cut off from secular business, and having found employment by the application of this art, then made a strong resistance to the introduction of an art that would deprive them, sooner or later, of their own employment. But the popular mind had become so accustomed to the illumi- nation of works, that its extinction was much more gradual than had been anticipated, and the earliest printed books were not only illuminated, but the print- ers even attempted, by a process of their art, to super- sede manual labor. Perhaps the latest effort of this kind was an edition of the Liturgy, brought out in 1717 by John Short, entirely engraved on copper plates. "The pages were surrounded by borders, and embel- lished with pictures and decorated initial letters." See Hill, English Monasticism, ch. xii, where may also be found the details of the work as it was carried on for centuries in the various monasteries of Europe. — Brande and Cox, Diet, of Science, Literature, and Aii, ii, 193 sq. lUuminism. See Illuminati ; Eatioxalisji, Illyes, Andreas, a Hungarian prelate, was bom at Szont-Gyoergy, in Transylvania, in the first half of the 17th century, and educated at Eome. On his return to his native country he filled several positions of trust, then went to Posen as canon, and later became bishop of Weissenburg. On account of the political disturb- ances in Transj'lvania he removed to Vienna. The time of his death is not generalh' known. He publish- ed Verbum adverbiarum, 74 sermons in Hungarian (Vi- enna, 1693, 4to) :—Fii(B sanctorum (ibid. 1693), in Him- garian (Tyman, 1705, and often), etc.— Jocher, Gelehrt. /.ex. Add. ii, 2276.
Illyrica, Council of (Concilium lUyriaim'), held in the jear 375, according to Ceillier and Hefele, by order of the emperor Valentinian. It was attended by a large number of bishops, who met to consider the doctrine of the consubstantiality of the three divine persons, as it had been set forth at Nicaja. They issued a sjTiodal letter to the churches of Asia, etc., confirming the doc- trine with great emphasis, and they further decreed that the homousiastical trinity doctrine should be ev- erywhere taught, and all those who should reject it be punished by anathema. See Hefele, Conciliengesch. i, 716 sq. ; Landon, Man. of Councils, p. 266 sq. See Ari- anism.
Illyr'icum {'iWvpiKor, \\t.IUyrian,h\ii the word is of unknown though prob. native etymology), or Illyria, a country lying to the north-west of Macedonia, and answering nearly to that which is at present called Dal-
ILLYRICUS
499
IMAGE OF GOD
niatia ; by which name, indeed, the southern part of 11- l3-ricuin itself was known, and whither St. Paul informs Timothy that Titus had gone (2 Tim. iv, 10). Tlie ai)ostle Paul, in his third great missionary journey, after traversing Asia Minor and Macedonia, tells the Church of Itoine that " round about unto lUyricum {k{!k\<[J n'txpi tov 'iWvpiKov) I have fidly preached the Gospel of Christ" (Rom. XV, 19). The exact meaning of the passage is somewhat doubtful. The kvkXoq may be joined with Je- rusalem, and signify its neighborhood (as Alford, ad loc.) ; or it may be joined with the /tsxP' '''^^ 'IWvpiKov, and denote the circuit of the apostle's journey "as far as lUyr- icum" (an expression warranted by the indefinite phrase of Luke, " those jiarts," Acts xx, 2). Through the south- ern part of lllyria proper ran the great road called Via £(piatiii, \v\uch connected Italy and the East, beginning at Apollonia and DyiTliachium. passing through Thessa- liinica and Philippi, and terminating at the Hellespont (.1 xtouiiii nim-nirium, cd. Wesscl., p. 317^ Along this road Paul may have travelled on his third journey till he reached that region on the shore of the Adriatic which was called lUyricum. From Dyrrhachium he may have turned north into that district of lUyricum then called Dalmatia, and may have founded the churches subse- quently visited by Titus (2 Tim. iv, 10). Afterwards he may have gone southwards by Nicopolis to Corinth. (But see Conybeare and Howson, Life oJ'St. Paul, i, 389 ; ii, 128, 1st ed.) lUyricum is a wild and bare mountain- ous region. A riclge of rugged limestone mountains runs through it from north to south, affording a fitting home for a number of wild tribes, who now, as in an- cient times, inhabit the country. The coast-line is deeply indented, and possesses some excellent harbors (Grote, History of Greece, vol. iv ; Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro). Its boundaries were not very dis- tinct; PUny (iii, 28) and Strabo (vii,313) placing it east of the Adriatic Gulf, while Ptolemy (ii, 17) divides it into Liburnia, lapodia, and Dalmatia (compare Mannert, vii, 30(5). The earliest notices state that certain tribes called iWvpioi inhabited the mountainous region along the coast between Epirus and Liburnia (Scylax, ch. xix sq.). On the invasion of the country by the Goths, these tribes were scattered eastward and northward, and gave their name to a wider region; and this was probably the geographical import of the name as used by Paul. At a later period lUyricum became one of the foiu: great divisions of the Roman empire, and embraced the whole countrj' lying between the Adriatic, the Dan- ube, the Black Sea, and Macedonia (Gibbon's Roman Empire, chap. i). The best ancient description of it is that of Appian {Bell. Illyr.), and among moderns that of Cramer {Ancient Greece, i, 29 sq.). See Dalmatia. (For its history, see Anthon's Class. Diet. s. v.) — Smith, Diet, of Class. Geo(j. s. v. ; Kitto.