Hive, Jacob, an English infidel, born in 1710, was both a printer and a type-founder by trade. In 1733 he published a discourse to prove the plurality of worlds. He maintained that earth is a hell, and that the souls of men are fallen angels. Before and after this publica- tion he lectiured publicly on the same topic. In the same year, 1733, he published anotlicr work, entitled A Dialofjue between a Doctor of the Church of England and Mr. Jacob Hive upon the subject of the Oration. In 1751 he published what claimed to be a translation of The Book of Jasher, which he attributed to a certain Alcuin of Brittany, although he was himself the real au- thor (see Home's Bibl. Bib.). Another pamphlet, enti- tled Modest Remarks on Bishop Sherlock's Sermons, caused him to be condemned to two years' imprisonment. Dur- ing his forced residence at Clerkenwell Bridewell, he wrote Reasons offered for the Reformation of the House of Correction in Clerkenwell. Hive, however, did some real service to Biblical statistics in publishing a second edition of Calasio, Concordantice Sacrormn Bibliorum (Lond. 1747, 4 vols. fol.). See Gough, Brit. Topography ; Wilson, Hist, of Dissenting Churches ; Chalmers, Gen. Biog. Diet.'; Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. Generale, xxv, 814; Darling, Cyckqi. Bibliog. ii, 1605. (J. N. P.)
Illatio is a term used in old rituals of the Mass for p7'a>futio.
Illescas, Jacob de (ITSpt:-'^'''! Sip"''). a Jew- ish philosopher and comm-entator, flourished in the 14th century at lUecas, not far from Madrid, whence his fam- ily derived their name. He wrote a Commentary on the Pentateuch (contained in Frankfurter's great Rabbinic Bible) in an allegorical, cabalistic sense, with many val- uable grammatical explanations of difficult passages. He also paid particiUar attention to obscure passages of Kashi and Aben-Ezra's expositions on this portion of the Hebrew Scriptures, and freely quotes other celebra- ted Jewish literati, as Lekach Tob, Joseph, Tarn, Bc- chor Shor, Jchudah the Pious, Isaac of Vienna, I\Ioses de Coney, Aaron, Eljakim, the Tosafoth, etc. See Kit- to, Cyclop. Biblical Liter, ii, 878 ; Fiirst, Biblioth. Jud. ii, 91.
Illgen, Christiax Friedrich, a German theolo- gian, was born at Chemnitz, in Saxony, Sept. 16, 1786, studied at the University of Leipzig, where he first lec- tured, and then became extraordinary professor of phi- lology in 1818, of theology in 1823, ordinary professor of theology in 1825, and finally canon. He was partic- ularly distinguished for his knowledge of theological histor}'. He died Aug. 4, 1844, His principal works are, Ldlius Socinus, I^eben (Lpz. 1814 and 1826, 2 parts, 4to) : — Memoria utriusqiie caferliismi Lutheri (Leipzig, 1829-30) i—Historia a,]!^ fu j,hi!nh;iUci (1836-40) :— .4 &-
handlung ii. den Werth ih r c/n-is/lic/icn Dognii (1817); and a collection i)i rrtdigten: die VerUarung d. irdischen Lebem diirch d. Evangelium (1823). He found- ed the Historical Theological Society, and from 1825 to the time of his death he edited the Zeitschrift fur hist. Theol. See S. Bruno Lindner, Erinnerunge:n an Dr. Hl- gen in the Zeitschrift f. d. historische Theologie (1845), p. 3 ; Hoefer, Xmir. Jliog. Gener. xxv, 814 ; Herzog, i?ea^- Encyk!oj,aiiii. vi. (l;!5.
Illuminated ((pumZuixtvoi) was a term used in the early Christian Church for the baptized. See Baptism. The apostle Paul writes in two places (Heb. vi, 4 ; x, 32) of those who were aVa^ (puiTttr^ivTEQ ; and the Council of Laodicea (A.D. 372), in its third canon, calls the newly baptized 7rpoo-0«Vwc (pwTia^kvTuQ. Justin Martyr, in his second Apology, explains the name to re- fer to the spiritual knowledge acquired by those who were baptized, and there was probably an association between the term and the ritual use of lights in the baptismal service.— Blunt, Cyclop, of Theol. i, 323. By some, however, the title " illuminated" is supposed to have been given to those newly baptized in the early Church, because a lighted taper was put into their hands as a symbol of their enlightenment. See Lights. (J. H.W.)
Illuminati, a name assumed at different periods by sects of Mystics or Enthusiasts and Thcosophs, who claim a greater degree of illumination or perfection than other men.
1, The first sect known under this name was a party of mystic enthusiasts who made their appearance in Spain about 1575, and who also bore the name of A lumbrados or A lombrados. They considered prayer as such an efficacious means of luiion with God that the soul of man coidd bj' it become entirely identified with the nature of God, so that its actions would therefore be really the actions of God himself; and they fiu-ther held that for such persons good works, the sacraments, etc., are superfluous as a means of sanctification. (We invite here to a comparison of the doctrines of this sect with the Jesuits, when first instituted by Ignatius Loyola. See Ranke, History of the Popes, transl. by IMrs. Austin, i, 190.) They were persecuted by the Inquisition, and then disappeared from Spain ; but in 1623 they reap- peared in France, under the name of Guerinets, a sect very similar to the Alombrados of Spain, a sort of Illu- minati, but who, in addition to the mj'stic belief of the Alombrados, believed in a special revelation of perfect!-
ILLUMINATI
497
ILLUMINATI
I
I
bility, made to one of their number, a friar, whose name was Bouquet, But they also soon became extinct, and were no longer known in France in 1635.