cod. utriusque instrumentalia loca (Leyden, 1749, 4to ; 2d ed. augmented, pub. by J. H. Shacht, Utrecht, 1770, 4to) : — De fnstitutis et Ccerimoniis Lefjis Mosaicm ante Mosen (Bremen, 1752, 2 parts, 4to). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gin. XXV, 8 sq. ; Kitto, Cyclop. Bib. Lit. ii, 377. (J. N. P.)
Ik'kesh (Heb. Ikkesh', 'Q'^V, perverse, as in Psa. ci, 4, etc. ; Sept. 'E/c/c/f, 'EKKi/c, 'Ekk^ii;), the father of Ira the Tekoite, which latter was one of David's famous warriors (2 Sam. xxiii, 26; 1 Chron. xi, 28), and cap- tain of the sixth regiment of his troops (1 Chron. xxvii, 9). B.C. ante 1046.
Ikonobortsi is the name of a small sect of Paissian dissenters who are opposed to paintings, both in church- es and in private houses. See Russia.
Ikriti, Shemakja bex-Eliah, a Jewish philosopher and commentator, originally from Rome, flourished at Negroponte towards the close of the 13th and the open- ing of the 14th century. His father Eliah was a dis- tinguished scholar of the island of Crete, whence he derived his name. Sheraarja devoted his early years to the study of philosophical writings, but later he gave his time almost exclusively to the study of exegesis, as the result of which he translated and wrote commenta- ries on all the books of the O. T., with the exception of Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. His edition of Genesis, to which, according to his own statement, he devoted no less than twenty-five years, he dedicated, with other works of his, to king Robert of Naples (in 1328). The main object of writing these commenta- ries, which have never yet been published, was to rec- oncile the Rabbanites and Karaites. Himself a Rabba- nite, he held that the Karaites were in the wrong to set aside altogether the Talmudical traditions ; and the Rabbanites, he asserted, missed the mark also by not only assigning the first place to the Talmud, but by dis- regarding tlie Bible (comp. Ozar Xechmitd,\ien. 1857, ii, 93). But, whatever his success may have been with the Rabbanites, he certainly failed to convince the Ka- raites, who read his works extensively, that the Talmu- dical Hagada contained a deep meaning unrevealed to 1 lie superficial student, or to persuade them that the Bible and Talmud both deserved a philosophical interpreta- tion. Another aim which Shemarja is said to have had in writing his commentaries was the union of the follow- ers of Maimonides (q. v.) with the old orthodox school. He also wrote a Logic, after the Greek style, and a He- brew Grammar. See Gratz, Gesch. d. Juden, vii, 318 sq. ; Carmoly, in Jost's A nnalen (1839), p. 69, 155 ; Dukes, Shir Shelomo (Hannov. 1858), ii, 4; Kitto, Cyclopcsdia Bibl. Liter, ii, 377 ; Fiirst, Biblioth. Jud. iii, 27 sq. (J. H.W.)
I'lai (Heb. Hay', "^^i", i. q. Chald. i^!^*, sujjreme; Sept. 'H/\(), an Ahohite, and one of David's chief heroes (1 Chron. xi, 29) ; called Zalmox in the parallel list (2 Sam. xxiii, 28). B.C. 1046.
Ildefonsus, St., archbishop of Toledo, was bom in that city in 607. He studied under Isidore of Seville, became monk, then abbot of the convent of Agli, near Toledo, and was finally made archbishop of his native city in 658. According to Julian of Toledo, Ildefonsus composed a large number of works, most of which, hov>-- ever, were left unfinished. The only writings supposed to be authentic that we now possess under his name are, De illibatn b. Virginis rirginitate (in the Biblioth. Patr., Lugd., xii) : — two books, De cognitione baptismi et de iti- nere deserti quo pergitur post baptismum, a rule of faith and conduct for converts : — a continuation of Isidorus's De viris illustribus, beginning with Gregory the Great, and containing notices of thirteen other writers, mostly Spanish bishops (in Fabricius, Bibl. eccles. p. 60 sq.). One of his successors in the see of Toledo, St. Julian (680-690), added to this a Vita Ildefonsi Toletani, from which al- most all oiu- information concerning Ildefonsus is de- rived. Two letters of his, wit]i answers by Quirinus, bishop of Barcelona, are fomid in D'Achery, Spicil. The
ILGEN
496
ILLUMINATI
Adoptianists (q. v.), in the 8th centun', quoted the writ- ings of Eufjeniuit, lkkfonsii.%Julianus, ToleUnue sedis an- tistites, as favoring their peculiar views (see Alcuin, 0pp. ii, 568). See the Bollandists, Jan. 23d ; Gregorio May- ans, Vida de S. Ildefonso (Valentia, 17-27, 12mo) ; Baro- nius, A nnales, 6G7, No. 5, G ; Baillet, Vies des Saints, Jan. 23d. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vi, 633; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ghierak, xxv, 811 sq. ; Neander, Ch. Hist, iii, 581.
Ilgen, Karl David, an eminent German theologian, was born February 26, 1763, at the village of Sehna, in Prussian Saxony.' When fourteen years old he was able to enter the second class in the gymnasium of Naumburg ; but his parents being iniable to give him any further help, he was from that time obliged to de- pend on his own exertions alone. His struggle for sub- sistence strengthened his mind, and in 1783, with a good elementarj' education, he entered the University of Leip- zig. Here were written his first essays, which are to be found in the collection of his works entitled Opuscula philolofjica (Erford, 1797, 2 vols.). He applied himself with particular zeal to the study of the Oriental lan- guages, especially the Hebrew. In 1789 he was called to the rectorship of the Academy of Naumburg, and so dis- tinguished himself as an instructor that five years after- wards he was caUed as professor of Oriental languages to Jena, and there he was finally transferred to the chair of theology. In spite of his eminent attainments, his bluntness and dryness of manner prevented his be- ing as efficient in his new sphere of action as he might otherwise have been. His learning was better display- ed in his writings than in his lectiu-es. He began to write a work on the " Historical Documents of the Tem- ple of Jerusalem," for which he intended to make a thor- ough investigation of all the Jewish sayings, traditions, and fables, and to compare them with what historical knowledge we possess on the same points, so as to se- cure a historj' of the Jews, their political institutions, their mode of divine worship, their moral, religious, and intellectual state, such as would truly have deserved the name of a critically correct history ," but, through the agency of G. Hermann, this work was interrupted by a call as rector to Pforte (in Prussian Saxony) (1802). He held this position for twenty-nine years, and ful- filled its duties with distinguished ability. In 1816 he was appointed counsellor of the Consistory. In 1831 he was compelled to ask for his discharge, and retired to Berlin, where he died September 17, 1834. All that he has left us of any value, besides tlie De Johi antiqiiis- simi carminis Ilebr. natura atque rirtute (Leips. 1789), is a few philosophical treatises which he wrote during his rectorship at Pforte. — Herzog, Real-EncijUop. vi, 633 sq. ; Kitto, Cyclop. Bib. Lit. ii, 378.