J. (i. Eichhorn, who died at Giittingen in 1827, was formed in the school of Michaelis at (Jiittingcn, and was inspired by Herder's poetical views of the East in gen- eral, and of the literature of the ancient Hebrews in tnrticular. Eichhorn commenced his Introduction when th '. times were inclined to give up the Bible altogether as a iiroduction of priestcraft ina]iplirable to the present period. He endeavored to bring the contents of the Bil)le into liarmony with modern nnules of thinking, to explain, and to recommend them. He sought, by means of liypolhcses, to furnish a clew to their origin, without sulliiicntly regarding strict historical criticism. Eich- horn's FAukiliimi in das A lie Testament was first pub- lished at Leipsic in 1780-83, in three volumes. The fifth edition was published at Gcittingen, 1820-24, in five volumes. I lis Juidci/unr/ in das Xem Testament was first publisheil at Leipzig ( 1 H04-27, 6 vols.). The earlier vol- umes have been republished. The external treatment of the materials, the style, aim, and many separate jior- tions of both works, are masterly and excellent; but, with regard to linguistic and historical research, they are feeble, and overwhelmed with hyiiothescs.
Lconhardt IJertholdt was a very diligent but uncrit- ical compiler. He made a considerable step backwards in the science of introduction, not only by reuniting the Old and New Testament into one whole, but by even intermixing the separate writings with each other, in
] his work- entitled Historisch-kritische Einleitunfj in sdmmtlii-hi l:,tii(iiii.<rlip iiiid ajwcryphische Schiiften des Alten 1111,1 \, in „ y. ^l,t,u, utes (Erlang. 1812-19, 6 vols.).
Augusti's l',iinidri>:x liiier hist. -krlt. Einleif. ins A. T, (Lpz. 180G, 1827) contains little new or original.
The Isagoge Histoi-ico-o-itica in Lihros Novi Eaderis Sacros (Jena?, 1830) of H. A. Schott is more distin- guished by diligence than by penetration.
The Lehrbiich der Ilistorisch-kritischen Einleitung in die Bibel A . iind N. T. Berlin (pt. i, O. T. 1817, and oft- en since ; \\t. ii, 182C, and later), by W. M. L. de Wette, is distinguished by brevity, precision, critical penetra- tion, and in some parts by completeness. This book contains an excellent survey of the various opinions prevalent in the sphere of Biblical introduction, inter- spersed with original discussions. Almost every author on Biblical criticism will find that De Wette has made use of his labors ; but in the purely historical portion the book is feeble, and indicates that the author did not go to the first sources, but adopted the opinions of oth- ers; consequently the work has no internal harmony. An English translation of this work, with additions by the translator, Theodore Parker, has been published in this country (Boston, 1850). A new (the 8th), thor- oughly revised edition of the German, not only embody- ing all the later residts of exegetical researches, but also modifying many of the viev/s of De Wette, has recently been published bv Prof. E. Schriider (Berl. vol. i [O.T.], 180.9).
K. A. Credner embodied the results of his method (see above) of the critical examination of the books of the New Testament in his work Das Neue Testament nach seinem Zwecl; Urspru7ige und Inhalt (Giessen, 1841-3, 2 vols.). His views are the basis of Eeus's Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften des Neuen Testamentes (Hallo, 1842; 3d ed. 1860).
The critical investigation which prevailed in Germa- ny after the days of Michaelis has of late been opposed by a mode of treating Biblical introduction not so much in the spirit of a free search ai'ter truth as in an apolo- getical and polemical style. This course, however, lias not enriched Biblical science. To this class of books belong a number of monographs, or treatises on sepa- rate subjects ; also the Ilandb. der Hisforisrh-kritischen Einleitung in das A Ite Testament- of H. A. C. Hiivernick (Erlangen, 1837-49, 2 pts.in 3 vols.; 2d ed. 1854-6, by Keil, who also edited pt. i of the first ed.), of which the General Introduction and the Introduction to the Penta- teuch have been translated into English (Edinb. 1850, 1852) ; also H. E. E. Guericke's Einleitirng in das Neue Testament (Halle, 1828), in which too frequently an anathema against heretics serves as a substitute for demonstration. The apologetical tendency prevails in the work of G. Hamilton, entitled A General Introduc- tion to the Study of the Hebrew Scriptures, etc. (Dublin, 1814); in Thomas Hartwell Home's Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, etc. (Lond. 1818, 4 vols.; the 10th ed. of this work was an entirely new production, and the best hitherto pro- duced in English, in 4 vols. 8vo, 1856, vol. ii on the O. T. by Dr. S. Davidson [since displaced by one by JMr. Ayre], and vol. iv on the N. T. by Dr. S. P. Tregelles) ; and in J. Cook's Inquiry into the Books of the Neio Tes- tament (Edinburgh, 1824).
The Roman Catholics also have, in modern times, written on Biblical introduction, although the un- changeable decrees of the Council of Trent hinder all free, critical, and scientific treatment of the subject. The Roman Catholics can treat Biblical introduction oidy in a polemical and apologetical manner, and are obliged to keep up the attention of their readers by in- troducing learned archteological researches, which con- ceal the want of free movement. This latter mode was adojited by J. Jahn (who died at Vienna in 1816) in his Einleitung in die gotiliclicn Biicher des alten Bundes (Vi- enna, 1793, 2 vols., and 1802, 3 vols.), and in his Intro' ductio in Libras Sacros I'deris Testamenti in epitomei