rendered these conditions still more advantageous to the Roman' see by substituting a more general jirdfcs- sion for the feudal oatli (see J. D. Olenschlager, KiU'.n, terunjj d.giildenen Bulk, Frankfort, 1760 ; UrkunduiLuch, p. 19). This measure, to some extent, at least, allayed the ill will which the hierarchical party bore to the Con- cordat of Worms. The pope had in reality secured but few actual advantages by the concordat, yet the freedom of election obtained by it in tlie place of the influence exercised over them by the emperor was sure in due time to be of great advantage to the papacy. It cc'-- tainly had considerable effect in restraining one of the greatest abuses of the Middle Ages, if not in eradicating altogether the real evil of simony and corrupt promo- tion of unworthy candidates for ecclesiastical offices; and although, even as late as the 12th centurj-, we find instances of the emperor's interference in the election of German bishops, and even of his direct appoint- ments to sucli ofticcs (see Suffcnheim,Stciatslibeu d. Kk- )tis ini A/iltt/<d/(r. IScrhn, 1839, pt. i, p. 153), these in- stances are, after all, only few in number, and disai^pccr altogether after the times of Otto IV and Frederick II. Civil interference in ecclesiastical appointments ceased also in France, England, and Spain ; but in Naples, Hun- gary, Denmark, and Sweden, the kings continued to aji- point bishops until the 13th century (Sugenheim.p. 197),
For monographs, see Volbeding, Index, p. 166. On the general subject, see Staudenmaier, Geschichte d. Eischofs- wuhlen (Tubing. 1830, p. 249); Reichel, jSee of Rome in the Middle Ages, pt. ii, chap, xii; Gosselin, Piwcr of lie Pope, ii, 345 ; Milman, Hist, of Lett. Chri'^lliutUi/. iii.' 115 ; iv, 146 sq.; Robertson, //js/. of the Chrhiidu 'church. \). bl-2 sq. ; Butler, Eccles. Hist, to 13tk Cent. p. 474 sq., 492 sq. ; IMosheim, Eccles. Hist. p. 827, et al. ; Herzog, Real~ Encyklop. vi, s. v. ; Chambers, Cyclop, s. v, (J. H. W.)
Invisible Church. See Church.
Invisibles is the name given to the school of the- ologians wlio held that the Church of Christ was not always visible. See Hagenbach, History of Doctrines, i, 354; ii, § 256.
Invitatores. See Invitatorv.
Invitatory is a short antiphon, suitable to the oc- casion, sung or recited before the Venite Exidtemiis Dom- ino, or interpolated between the verses of this psalm and the Gloria Patri also. The 95th Psalm, as an " invita- tion to praise," is supposed to have been used bj' the early Christians, adopted, no doubt, from the Temple service. In the Greek as well as the Latin churches it is still in use, though the two churches differ somewhat in form. In tlie East the following three clauses only are used : " O come, let us worship God our King;
O come, let us worship and fall dowu before Christ our King and God ;
O come, let us worship before Christ himself, our King and God ;" but in the Western churches the whole psalm has al- ways been used, accompanied generally by the invita- tory, the latter varj'ing, of course, according to the sub- ject of the office to which they invite thought. It alwaj's consists of two clauses: "both are said before the psalm, and at tlie end of the second, seventh, and last verses; the second clause onh* at the end of the fourth and ninth verses. The Glo7-ia Patri is followed first by the second and then by both clauses. The Breviary of cardinal Quignones restricted the invitatory to the beginning and end of the psalms." The ninefold repetition of the whole or a jiart of the in^■itatory is of great antiquity. Durandus thus refers to its mystical bearing: "The invitatory is repeated six times at full length, because six is the first perfect number; and the sixfold repetition, therefore, sets forth the perfection with Avhich we should endeavor to perform the service of God. Three is an imperfect numlier, and therefore the imperfect repetition takes place three times." On the double feasts of the Western Church the invitatory I is doubled at matins, lauds, and vespers. In the Eng-
INVOCATION OF ANGELS
638
INVOCATION OF SAINTS
luh Church, where the order of daily prayer is chiefly taken from the corresponding offices of the Sarum Brev- iary (of which the rubric runs thus [after the Gloria and Allelulia] : " Sequutur iiivitatorium hoc modo. Ecce venit rex. Occuramus obviam Salvatori nostro. Ps. Venitc ; post i, iii et v, vers, psalmi repetatur Mum in- vitatorium. Post, ii, vers, iv et vi, vers, psalmi repeta- tur solum hcecpars, Occuramus. JEt deinde reincipiatur toliim iwitatorium"), the opening sentences of matins and evensong are generally considered to be of a similar character (compare Procter, Common Prayer, p. 182; Freeman, Principles of Dicine Service, i, 152 sq.). Blunt (Theol. Cijclop. i, 356), however, says that the true invi- tatory of the English Cluirch "is in the fixed versicle ' Praise ye the Lord,' with its response, ' The Lord's name be praised.' The singing of Allelulia after the Gloria Patri, at the commencement of matins, was or- dered in the Prayer-book of 1549. The response was inserted in 1661. The 95th Psalm, with this versicle and response, is to be considered as an unvarying invitatory in the modern English rite, except on Easter day, for which special provision is made." See also Neale, Li- turgical Essays, p. 7 sq., et al. ; Comment, on the Psalms, i, 43 sq. ; Walcott, Sacred A rchceology, p. 332.