turn was encouraged to ask. Then another, and an- other, as the secret was passed about from house to hamlet, and from hamlet to town, and from one country to another, till at length it had spread over Christen- dom." If this was the way in which the invocation of saints was practised, to authorize its admission in the litany by Pius V in the IGth century, and its affirmation as a doctrine by the Council of Trent, then why adduce the Church fathers of the early age, and the practices of some Christian churches of an age when the Church of Christ was so greatly corrujited and overrun by inno- vation ? The Protestants also believe in saints. They believe in imitating the noble character exemplified in their hfe while on earth, which is a very different thing from invoking them to intercede in Christ's stead before the throne of God the Father. See Jlarhcineke, ,Si/m- bolik, iii, 439; Freeman, Claggett, and Whitby, in Gib- son's Preservative, vii; JJuhlin Rev. A]iril, 1853; Pusey, Rule of Faith, p. 65 sq. ; lluss (John), JJe J\/i/sterio An- tichi-isti, c. 23 ; Schrockh, Kiir/i< ii)/(sch. xxxiv, 614 sq. ; YAliott, Delineation of R(uii(niisiii.\t.7!')o sq. ; Chambers, Ct/clop. s. V. ; Eadie, Eccles. Cydop. s. v. See also I:\i- AGEs; Saints. (J. H.W.)
Invocations. About the 8th centuri', says Proc- ter {On the Book of Common /"/w/f ?•, p. 249), the invo- cations of saints (q. v.) were introduced into the church- es of the West, and called the Litany, a name given to various other ser\-ices. See Litany. (Comp. Kcnau- dot, Litiiry. Orient, i, 356; Bingham, Antiq. xv, i, § 2; Mabillon, A niikct. iii, 669 sq.)
luvocavit, a name sometimes given to the first Sunday in Lent on accomit of the Inirvit (q. v.'i, -which opens, " luvocavit me et exaudiam eum," etc. (I'sa. xci, 15). — Kiddle, Christian Antiquities, p. 668.
lona (formerly Joua), one of the most famous of the Hebrides. It is about three miles long, and varies in breadth from a mile to a mile and a half. In 1861 it' had a population of 264. Its remarkable fertility was regarded as miraculous in the Dark Ages, and no doubt led to its early occupation. Dunii, the highest point on the island, is 330 feet above the sea-level. Its his- torj' begins in the year 563, when St. Columba (q. v.), leaving the shores of Ireland, landed upon lona with twelve disciples. Having obtained a grant of the isl- and, as well from his kinsman Conall, the son of Com- ghall, king of the Scots, as from Bruidi, the son of Mel- chon, king of the Picts, he built upon it a monastery, which was long regarded as the mother-church of the Picts, and was venerated not only among the Scots of Britain and Ireland, but among the Angles of the north of England, who owed their conversion to the self-deny- ing missionaries of lona. From the 6th to the 17th century, the island was most generally called /, //, Ja, To, Eo, Ily, Hi, llii, Hie, II n, Y, or Yi — that is, sim- ply, "the Island;" or (on Columba's account) IcolmJcill, I-Columb-Kille, or J/ii-Cohnn-Kille— that is, " the Isl- and of Columba of the Church." From the end of the 6th to the end of the 8th ccnturj- lona was scarcely sec- ond to any monaster}' in the British I-ks; but the fierce and heathen Norsemen burned it in 795, and again in 802. Its "family" (as the monks were called) of sixty- eight persons were martyred in 806. A second martyr- dom, in 825, is the subject of a contemporary Latin poem by Walafridus Strabus, abbot of the (ierman monastery of Reichenau, in the Lake of Constance. On the Christ- mas evening of 980 the Island was again wasted by the Norsemen, who slew the abbot and fifteen of his monks. Towards the end of the next century the monastery was repaired by St. iNIargaret, the queen of king Malcolm Canmore. It was visited in 1097 by king Magnus the Barefooted, of Norway, being at that time a part of that kingdom, and so fell under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the bishop of Man and the archbishop of Drontheim. In 1203 the bishops of the north of Ireland disputed the authority of the !Manx bisliop. pidled down a monastery which he had begun to build in the island, and placed
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t'ne abbey under the rule of an Irish al)bot of Derrj-. The Scottish Church had lon.i,' chiimed jurisdiction in lona, and before the end of the 13th century the island fell under the rule of the Scottish king. Its abbey was now peopled by Clugniac monks; and a nunnery of Austin canonesses was planted on its shores. Towards the end of the loth century it became the seat of the Scottish bishop of the Isles," the abbey church being his cathetU-al, and the monks his chapter. No building now remains on the island which can claim to have sheltered St. Columba or his disciples. The most an- cient ruins arc tlie Laithriehean, or Foundations, in a little bay to the west of I'ort-a-Churraich ; the Cobban C'jildicli, or CiUdees' Cell, in a hollow between Dunii and Uunbhuirg; the rath or hill-fort of Dunbhuirg; and the Gleann-an-TeampuU, or (ilen of the Church, in the middle of the island, believed to be the site of the monastery which the Irish bishops destroyed in 1203. St. Oran's Chapel, now the oldest church in the island, may probably be of the latter part of the 11th centnrJ^ St. 3Iary's Xunnery is perhaps a century later. The Catheilral, or St. Mary's Church, seems to have been built chiefly in the early part of the 13tli century. It has a choir, with a sacristy on the north side, and chap- els on the south side ; north and south transepts ; a cen- tral tower about seventy-live feet high, and a nave. An inscription on one of the columns of the choir ap- pears to denote that it was the work of an Irish ecclesi- astic who died in 1202. On the north of the cathedral are the chapter-house and other remains of the conven- tual or monastic buildings. In the '' lleilig Oran" — so called, it is supposed, from St. Oran, a kinsman of St. Columba, the first who found a grave in it — were buried Ecgfrid, king of Northumbria, in 084 ; Godred, king of the Isles, in 1 188 ; and Haco Ospac, king of the Isles, in 1228. No monuments of these princes now remain. The oldest of the many tomb-stones on the island are two with Irish inscriptions, one of them, it is believed, being the monument of a bishop of Connor who died at lona in 1174 — Chambers, Ci/clop. v, G19; Duke of Ar- gyll, in Good Words, Sept. L 18G9,p. G14 sq. ; Pnncefon Rep. 18157, p. 1-22. See also Columba,