Tlie other difficulties relate to minute textual dis- cre,^ancies, not important to the chronology ; some of them involve the supposition of interregna. They will all be i'>und f(dly di.scussed under the names of the re- spective kings to whose reigns they belong. For a complete vindication and adjustment" of all the textual numbers (sa/e two or three "luiivcrsallv admitted to be corrupt) by means of actual tabular construction, see
the Meth. Quart. lievien; Oct. 1856, See also Jud.vh,
KiSGDO.M OF.
The chronology of the kings has been minutely in- vestigated by Usher, Chronologia Sacra (in his Woi-ks, xii, 95-144) • by Lightfoot, Order of the Texts of the 0. T. (in Works, i, 77-130) ; by Hales, New Analysis of Chronology, ii, 372-447 ; by Clinton, Fasti Hellenici, iii. Append. § 5; by H.Browne, Ordo Scedorum, chap, iv; and by Wolff, in the Studien u. Krit. (1858, iv.) See Chronoi.ogv.
Israel ben-Samuel Magiirebi, a .Jewish A\Tit- er of the Karaitic sect, flourished at the opening of the 14th century, at Kahira. He deserves our notice as the author of works on the Jewish laws and traditions, in which he advanced the peculiar theories of the Kara- ites. Thus, in his work fllJ'^nc Piizbil (written about 130G), he asserts that the animal, if killed according to law, and eaten according to prescription, develops it- self in man to a higher state of being. The "shochet" (tlie person killing the animal) must, however, be a be- liever of the migration of the souls of animals into the souls of men, else it can not only not take effect, but makes the meat unfit for food. But it is also as the interpreter of the matrimonial laws that he ranks high among the Karaites. See Gratz, Gesch. der Juden, vii, 322. ^(.T.H.W.)
Is'raelite (Ileb. YisreeW, 'h)Xy:^'^, 2 Sam. xvii, 25; once [Numb.xxv, 14] bx"^b';i 'O'^it,, man of Israel, i. e. male Israelite; fem. n'^>S"ipi', "Israelitish wom- an," Lev. xxiv, 10 ; Sept. and New Test. 'IffpariXlrrif;), a descendant of Jacob, and therefore a member of the cho- sen nation, for which, however, the simple name Iska- Ki, (q. V.) is oftener employed in a collective sense, but with various degrees of extension at different times : (1.) The twelve tribes descended from Jacob's sons,
ISRAELITISH
699
ISSACHAR
called "Israel" already in Egypt (Exod. Hi, 16), and so ' throughout the Pentateuch and in the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, often with the explicit ad- dition " air Israel. (2.) Tlie larger portion, or ten northern tribes, after the death of Saul (2 Sam. ii, 9, 10, 17, 28), a distinction that prevailed even under David (2 Sam. xix, 40). (3.) Jlore definitely the schismatical portion of the nation (consisting of all the tribes but Judah [including Simeon] and Benjamin), which es- tablished a separate monarchy at Samaria after the death of Solomon (1 Kings xii, 19). Seldom does the legitimate kingdom of Judah appear in the sacred nar- rative under this appellation (2 Chron. xii, 1 ; xv, 17). {4.) After the Exile, the two branches of the nation be- came again blended, both having been carried away to Ihe same or neighboring regions, and are therefore des- ignated b}' the ancient title without distinction in Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 Maccabees. Gradually, however, the name " Jews" (q. v.) supplanted this appellation, espe- cially among foreigners. (5.) In the N. Test, the term "Israel" and "Israelite" is used of the true theocracy or spiritual people (2 Cor. xi, 22). — Winer, i, 617. See He- brew.
Israeli'tish (Lev. xxiv, 10 sq.). See Israelite.
Is'sachar, the name of two men in the Bible, and of the descendants of one of them, and the region inhab- ited by them.
1. The ninth son of Jacob and tlie fifth of Leah; the first born to Leah after the interval which occurred in the births of her children (Gen. xxx, 17; comp. xxix, 3.5). He was born in Padan-Aram early in B.C. 1914. In (lenesis he is not mentioned after his birth, and the few verses in Chronicles devoted to the tribe contain merely a brief list of its chief men and heroes in the reign of David (1 Chron. vii, 1-5). At the descent into Egypt four sons are ascribed to him, who founded the four chief families of the tribe (Gen. xlvi, 13 ; Numb. xxvi, 23, 25 ; 1 Chron. vii, 1).
Form and Signification of the Name. — Both are pecul- iar. The form is ID'IJIU'^ [i. c. Yissaskar'; if pointed as would be regular, ^3"J">^i] : such is the invariable spelling of the name in the Hebrew, the Samaritan Co- dex and Version, the Targums of Onkelos and Pseudo- Jonathan, but the IMasoretes have pointed it so as to supersede the second S, "I3w"k^% Yissa\^s'\kar' ; Sept. 'laauxaQ, N. T. 'Iffaa^^np, josephus IfftraxopiC {Ant. v, !, 22), referring to the tribal territory; Vulg. Isachar. (See (Jesenius, Thes. Heh. p. 1331.)
As is the case with each of the sons of Jacob, the name is recorded as bestowed on account of a circum- stance connected with the birth. But, as may be also noticed in more than one of the others, two explana- tions seem to be combined in the narrative, which even then is not in exact accordance with the requirements of the name. " God hath given me my hire C^b, sa- l-ar) . . . and she called his name Lssachar," is the rec- ord; but in verse 18 that "hire" is for the surrender of her maid to her husband, while in verse 14-17 it is for the discovery and bestowal of the mandrakes. Besides, as indicated above, the name in its original form— Isas- kar — rebels against this interpretation, an interpreta- tion which, to be consistent, requires the form sid)se- ([uently imposed on the word, Is-sachar. Tiie verbal allusion is not again brought forward, as it is with Dan, Asher, etc., in the blessings of Jacob and Moses. In the former only it is perhaps allowable to discern a faint echo of the sound of " lssachar" in the word shikmo — " his shoulder" (Gen. xlix, 15). The words occur again almost identically in 2 Chron. xv, 7, and Jer. xxxi, 16 : "13b b;^=:" there is a reward for;" A.V. "shall be re- warded." An expansion of the story of the mandrakes, with curious details, will be found in the Testamentum Isachar (Fabricius, Cod. I'seudepigr. p. 620-623). They were ultimately deposited "in the house of the Lord" (ac- cording to the same legend), whatever that may mean.