Issiis, or, rather, Isus ("Iffoc), mentioned by Jose- phus {Ant. X, 8, G) as high-priest between Joram and Axioramus; apparently corresponding to the Jehosha- phat of the Seder Olavi. See High-priest.
Istalcu'rus. " In 1 Esdr. viii, 40, the ' son of Is- talcurus' (o rov 'IffraXKOvpov) is substituted for ' and Zabuud' of the corresponding list in Ezra (viii, 14). The Keri has Zikkur instead of Zabbud, and of this tliere is ])erhaps some trace in Istalcurus" (Smith).
Is'uah (I Chron. vii, 30). See Ishuaii.
Is'ui ((ien. xlvi, 17). See Isiiui, 1.
Itala, a name attributed to the old Latin version which was the foundation of Jerome's Yulgate. See Italic Veksion.
Ital'ian ('IraXiicoc) occurs but once in Scripture, in the mention of the "Italian band," i. e. Roman cohort, to which Cornelius belonged (Acts x, 1). " This seems to have been a cohort of Italians separate from the le- gionary soldiers, and not a cohort of the 'Zc^w Italica,' of which we read at a later period (Tacitus, Hist, i, 59, G4; ii, 100; iii, 14) as being raised by Nero (Dio Cass. Iv, 24; Sueton. Nero, 19). (See Biscoe, On ihe Ads, p. 300 sq.) Wieseler {Cbrnnol. p. 145) thinks they were Italian volunteers; and there is an inscription in Gruter in which the following words occur : ' Cohors militum Italicorum voluntaria, qure est in Syria' (see Ackerman, Nnmismalic Ilhistraiiom, p. 34)" (Conybeare and How- son, St.P(wl,\, 113). There is a monograph on the sub- ject : Schwarz, I)e cohorle Jta/ica et A ityiista (Altdorf, 1720). See Cohout.
Italian School of PiiiLosopiiv. Bv the Italian
school is properly understood the blending of the Py- thagorean and Eleatic systems of philosophy into one. It is sometimes, however, used of the Pythagorean sys- tem merely. The reason for designating it as the Ital- ian school is because Pythagoras is said to have taught
Italy. See Pytha&oras.
Italian Versions of the Scriptures. The ear- liest translation of the Bible into the modem Italian is said to have been made by Giacomo da Yiraggio (.Jaco- bus de Voragine), archbishop of Genoa, in the beginning of the 13th century. This rests exclusively on the au- thority of Sixtus Senensis {Bihliolh. Sanct. lib. iv), and there is weighty reason for doubting the statement. That at an early period, however, versions of parts, if not of the whole of Scripture into Italian were made, is evinced by the fact that there exist in various libraries jNISS. containing them. In the Royal Librarj^ at Paris is an Italian Bible in two vols, folio, as well as several codices containing parts of the Bible in that language ; in the library at Upsala is a Codex containing a history compiled from the first seven books of the O. T. in Ital- ian ; in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, is an Ital- ian translation of the N.T., with portions of the Old, and in other libraries like relics are preserved (see Le Long, Bih.Suc.c&\\.\\, § 1).
The earliest printed Italian Bible is that of Nicolo di Jlalermi (or Malherbi). a Venetian Benedictine monk of the order of Camaldoli : it appeared under the title of Biblia Volrjare Hisloriota, etc. (Yen. 1471.) The trans- lation is from the Yulgate, and is pronounced by R. Si- mon to be executed in a harsh style and carelessly (Hist. Crit. du N. T. p. 487). It was, however, repeatedly re- printed; the best editions are that superintended by Marini (Ven. 1477, 2 vols. foL), and that issued at Yenice in 1567 (1 vol. fol.). In 1530 Antonio Bruccioli issued his translation of the N. T., and in 1532 the first edition of his translation of the entire Bible, containing a re- vised and corrected translation of the N. T., under the title of /.« Biblia che C09itiene Sacri libri del recchio Test- amenta tradotto imovamente de la Hebraica verita in lin- gua Toscana, con divini libri del N. T. tradotti da Greco in lingua Tosc. con jirivilegio de lo inclito Senato Veneto, e letera a Francesco I, Rege Christianissimo (fol. Yenic<i ap. Iaic. Ant. Juntje). This translation is said by Simon to follow in the O. T. the Latin version of Pagnini rath- er than to be made from the original Hebrew, and to partake of the rudeness and barbarism of Pagnini's stj'le. It was put in the index of the prohibited books among works of the first class. Many editions of it, however, appeared, of which the most important is that of Zanetti (Yen. 1540, 3 vols. fol). Bruccioli's version of the O. T. in a corrected form was printed at Geneva in 1562, along with a ncAv version of the N. T. by Gallars and Beza ; to this notes are added, and especially an exposition of the Apocalypse. The translation of Marmochini, though professedly original, is, in reality, only a revised edition of that of Bruccioli, the design of which was to bring it more fully into accordance with the Yulgate. Several translations of the Psalms (some from the Hebrew) and of other parts of Scripture appeared in Italy between the middle and end of the 16th century, and a new trans- lation of the N. T., by a Florentine of the name of Zacha- ria, appeared in 8vo at Yenice in 1542, and at Florence in 1566, copies of which are now extremely rare. The Jew David de Pomis issued a translation of Ecclesiastes with the original Hebrew (Yen. 1578).