of Jacco, shaves his head. See Knox, Description of Ceylon, pt. iv, ch. v ; Broughton, Biblioth. Hist. Sac. i, 499 ; Davy, A ccount of Ceylon, p. 1 18. (J. H. W.)
Jad'dua (Heb. Yaddu'a, ^^I'^^jhioivn; Sept. 'leS- Sova,'IaSov,'Idova), the name of two men after the time of the Captivity.
1. One of the chiefs of the people who subscribed the sacred covenant drawn up by Nehemiah (Neh. x, 21). B.C. cir. 410.
2. The son of Jonathan, and the last high-priest mentioned in the Old Testament (Neh. xii, 11, 22). He is doubtless the person alluded to by Josephus (laS- Sovg, Ant. xi, 8, 3-6) as exercising the pontifical office at the time of the capture of Tj^re by Alexander, the Great (B.C. 332), and as coming forth from Jerusalem at the head of the priestly body to meet the advancing conqueror, and tender him the submission of the city. See Alexander. In that case his name must have been inserted by " the great Synagogue" after the Scrip- ture canon (q. v.) had been made up by Ezra (B.C. cir. 406). See Chronici.es. " We gather pretty cer- tainlj' that he was priest in the reign of the last Persian king Darius, and that he was still high-priest after the Persian dynasty was overthrown, i. e. in the reign of Alexander the Great. For the expression ' Darius the Persian^ (Neh. xii, 22) must have been used after the accession of the Grecian dynasty; and, had another high-priest succeeded, his name would most likely have been mentioned. Thus far, then, the book of Nehemiah bears out the truth of Josephus's history, which makes Jaddua high-priest when Alexander invaded Juda?a. But Josephus's story of his interview with Alexander is not, on that account, necessarily true, nor his account of the building of the Temple on Jlount Gerizim during Jaddua's pontificate, at the instigation of Sanballat, both of which, as well as the accompanying circumstances, may have been derived from some apocrj'phal book of Alexandrian growth, since lost, in which chronology and history gave way to romance and Jewish vanity. Jo- sephus seems to place the death of Jaddua after that of Alexander {Ant. xi, 8, 7). Eusebius assigns twenty years to Jaddua's pontificate" (Smith). See Hervey, Genealogy of our Lord, p. 323 sq. ; Jarvis, Church of the Redeemed, p. 291. See High-priest.
Ja'don (Heb. Yadon', "^V^^, judge ; Sept. has 'Eha- pujv [but most eds. omit], Vulg. Jadon), a Bleronothite who assisted in reconstructing the walls of Jerusalem after the return from Babylon (Neh. iii, 7). B.C. 446.
JADON (laSdiv) is the name attributed by Josephus (Ant. viii, 8, 5) to the man of God from Judah who with- stood Jeroboam at the altar at Bethel — probably intend- ing InDO the seer. Bj^ Jerome (Qu. Ilebr. on 2 Chrou. ix, 29) the name is given as Jaddo. — Smith.
Ja'el (Heb. Yael', ^^1"^, a wild goat or ibex, as in Psa. civ, 18 ; Job xxxix, 1 ; Sept. 'lai)\, Josephus 'Id- A»7), the wife of Heber the Kenite, and the slayer of the oppressor of the IsraeUtcs (Judg. iv, 17-22). B.C. 1409. Heber was the chief of a nomadic Arab clan who had separated irom the rest of his tribe, and had pitched his tent under the oaks, which had, in consequence, received the name of '" oaks of the wanderers" (A. Y. plain of Za- anaim, Judg. iv, 11), in the neighborhood of Kcdesh- Naphthali. See Heber. The tribe of Heber had main- tained the quiet enjoyment of their pastures by adopting a neutral position in a troublous period. Their descent from Jethro secured them the favorable regard of the Israelites, and they were sufficiently important to con- clude a formal peace with Jabin, king of Hazor. See Renite.
In the headlong rout which followed the defeat of the Canaanitt's by Barak, Sisera, abandoning his char- iot the more easily to avoid notice (comp. Homer, //. v, 20), fled unattended, and in an opposite direction from that taken by his army. On reaching the tents of the nomad cliief, he remembered that there was peace be-
JAEL
'746
JAEL
tween his sovereign and the house of Heber, and there- fore applied for the hospitality and protection to which he was thus entitled (Harmer, Ohs. i, 460). " The tent of Jacl" is expressly mentioned either because the ha- rem of Heber was in a separate tent (Kosenmiiller, Mor- r/enl. iii, 22), or because the Kenite himself was absent at the time. In the sacred seclusion of this almost in- violable sanctuarj' (Pococke, East, ii, 5) Sisera might well have felt himself absolutely secure from the incur- sions of the enemy (Calmet, Fragm. vol. xxv) ; and although he intended to take refuge among the Ke- nites, he woiUd not have ventured so openly to violate all idea of Oriental propriety by entering a Avoman's apartments (D'Herbelot, Bibliot/ieque Orkntale, s, v. Ha- ram) had he not received Jacl's express, earnest, and respectful entreaty to do so. See Hakem. He accept- ed the invitation, and she tlung the quilt (riS^^Un, A. V. "a mantle;" evidentlj' some part of the regular fur- niture of the tent) over him as he lay wearily On the floor. When thirst prevented sleep, and he asked for water, she brought him buttermilk in her choicest ves- sel, thus ratifying with the semblance of officious zeal the sacred bond of Eastern hospitality. Wine woidd have been less suitable to quench his thirst, and may possibly have been eschewed by Heber's clan (Jer. XXXV, 2). Curdled milk, accortling to the quotations in Harmer, is still a favorite Arab beverage, and that this is the drink intended we infer from Judg. v, 25, as well as from the direct statement of Josephus {yuXa Sii(pOo- poQ i'jcr], A nt. v, 6, 4), although there is no reason to suppose with Josephus and the Rabl)is (D. Kimchi, Jar- chi, etc.) that Jael purposely used it because of its sopo- rific (jualities (Bochart, llieroz. i, 473). But anxiety still prevented Sisera from composing himself to rest until lie had exacted a promise from his protectress that she would faithfully preserve the secret of his conceal- ment ; till at last, with a feeling of perfect security, the weary and unfortunate general resigned himself to the deep sleep of misery and fatigue. Then it was that Jael took in her left hand one of the great wooden pins (A.V. "nail") which fastened down the cords of the tent, and in her right hand the mallet (A.V. "a ham- mer") used to drive it into the ground, and, creeping up to her sleeping and confiding guest, with one terrible blow dashed it through Sisera's temples deep into the earth. With one spasm of fruitless agony, with one contortion of sudden pain, " at her feet he bowed, he fell ; where he bowed, there he fell down dead" (Judg. V, 27). She then waited to meet the pursuing Barak, and led him into her tent, that she might in his pres- ence claim the glorj' of the deed ! See Barak.