the books of Job, Jonah, Judith, and Tobit are didactic poems ; and that the d;emoniacs in the N. T. were pos- sessed with dangerous diseases, not with the devil, were made charges against him. In 1792 complaints of his unsoundness were laid before the emperor Francis II by cardinal Migazzi, which resulted in the api)ointment of a special commission to examine the charges. Athough it was decided that Jahu's views were not heterodox, they cautioned him to be more careful iu the future in expressing opinions likely to lead to interpretations contrary to the dogmas ofthe Church, and even suggest- ed a change of the obnoxious passages (comp. Ilenke, Archie f. d. neiisste Kirchengeschichte, ii, 51 sq. ; P. J. S. Huth, Versuch einer Kirchengesch. d. 18'^" Jahrh. ii, 375, 376). Though he honestly and willingly submitted, his detractors continued their machinations till he was (in 1806) removed from the congenial duties of an office to whicli he had dedicated his life, and was made, merely, of course, to prevent scandal which might have resulted from a deprivation of aU dignity, canon or Domherr in the metropolitan chiurch of St. Stephen. Even before he was compelled to resign his professorship, two of his books, Introductio in libros sacros Veteris Testamenti in compendium redacta (Vienna, 1804), and Archaologia Bihlica in compemlium redacta (Vienna, 1805), which were then very popular among the universitj' students, were condemned and placed on the Index, without their author being heard in his defence. Jahn died Aug. 16, 1816. Besides the works which we have had occasion to cite, and a series of grammars and chrestomathies on the Hebrew, Sjiiac, Arabic, and Chaldee languages, he wrote, Biblkche Archdologie (Vienna, 1797-1805, 5 vols. ; vols. i and ii, 2d edition, 1817-1825) : — Lexicon Arahico- Latinum, Chrestomathiw A rabicce accominodatum (Vien. 1802) : this work was considered the best of its kind until the publication of a similar production by Sylves- ter de Sacy : — Biblia Hebraica digessit, et gixiviores lec- tionum rarietates adjecit (Vien, 1806, 4 vols, royal 8vo) : — Enchiridion Hernieneuticm generalis tabularuni, etc. (Vienna, 1812; mth an Appendix hermeneut., s. exerci- ta/iones exegeticce, Vienna, 1813): — Vaticinia Prophe- tarum de Jesu Messia, commeniarius critieus in libros propheticos Veteris Testamenti (Vien. 1815), etc. Some time after his death appeared Nachtrdge zu Jahn's theo- logischen Werken, published from his MSS. (Tubingen, 1821), which contained six interesting dissertations on various Biblical subjects, and with them some letters of Jahn's, giving a clew to the motives of the persecutions directed against him. Jahn's memory deserves to be cherished by aU true lovers of Oriental scholarship. He furnished text-books for the study of those languages superior to any of his time, and, although they are at present obsolete, he certainly aided modern scholarship by furnishing superior tools. As a theological writer he was clear and methodical, and his numerous works, of which several enjoy an English dress, "diffused a knowledge of Biblical subjects in places and circles where the books of Protestants would scarcely have been received. The latter, however, have appreciated his writings fully as much as Roman Catholics. He was not profound in any one thing, because he scattered his energies over so wide a field; but he was a most useful author, and one of his books (the .4 ixhreology') is stiU the largest and best on the subjects of which it treats." As a theologian of the Romish Church he was certainly exceedingly liberal, so much so that Heng- stenberg (on the Pentateuch) rather finds fault with him. See Felder, Gelehrt. Lex. d. Kathol. Gdstiichkeif, i, 337 ; H. Doring, J), gelehrten Theologen Deutschlunds, ii, 7 sq. ; Meusel, Gelehrt. Deutschlunds (5th ed.), iii, 510 ; X, 13; xi, 994; xiv, 255; xviii, 2.54; xxiii, 18; Ersch u. Gruber, A llg. EncyJc. ; Kitto, Bibl. Cyclop, s. v. ; "Wer- ner, Gesch. d. Kathol. Theol. p. 273 sq.
Jah'zah (1 Chron. vi, 78). See Jah.\z. Jall'zeel (Heb. Yachtseel', bx:in% allottedhy God; Sept. 'Acu'jX), the first named of the sous of Naphtali
(Gen. xlvi, 24). His descendants are called Jaitzeei^ ITES (Heb. Yachtseeli', "^IpX^n^, Sept. 'A(7U]\i, Numb. xxvi, 48). In 1 Chron. vii, 13, the name is written Jahziel (^XilUn^, Yachtsiel', id.; Sept. 'laau'/A). B. C. 1856.
Jah'zeelite (Numb, xxvi, 48). See Jahzeel.
Jah'zerah (Heb. Yachze'rah, il'^ltl'2, returner; but Gesenius prefers to read iT^tri^, i. e. Jahaziah; Sept. 'ItL^piaq Y. r. 'E^tpa,Vulg. Jezra), son of Meshul- 1am and father of Adiel, a priest (1 Chron. ix, 12). B.C. long ante 536. He is probablj^ the same with Ahasai, the father of Azareel (Neh. xi, 13), since the preceding and the following name are alike.
Jah'ziel (1 Chron. vii, 13). See Jahzeel.
Jailor (SeapoflivXa^, guard of a prisoner, Acts xvi, 23, 27, 36). See Piuson.
Jainas, the name of a very powerfid heterodox sect of Hindus particidarly flourishing in the southern and western parts of Hindustan. Their name, Jainas, sig- nifies followers of Jina, the generic name of deified saints ; but, as these saints are also called A rhat, the sect is frequently called Arhcdas. The tenets of this sect are iii several respects analogous to those of the Buddhists [see Buddhism], but they resemble in others those of the Brahmanicalllindus. Like the Buddhists, they deny the divine origin and authority of the Veda (which, however, they do not hesitate to quote if the doctrines of the latter are conformable to the Jaina ten- ets), and worship certain saints whom they consider su- perior to the other beings of their pantheon. They dif- fer, indeed, from them in regard to the history of these personages, but the original notion which prevails in this worship is the same. Like the Brahmanical Hindus, on the other hand, they admit the institution of caste, and perform the essential ceremonies called Sanskdras (q. v.), and recognise some of the subordinate deities of the Hindu pantheon — at least apparently, as they do not pay especial homage to them, and as they disregard completely all those Brahmanical rites which involve the destruction of animal life. The Jainas have their own Piuranas and other religious books, which in the main confine themselves to a delineation of their Tor- thankharas, or deified teachers of the sect. The Vedas of the Brahmaiis they supply by their Siddhdntas and Agumas.