Japhi'a (Heb. Yaphi'a, S'^S'^, splendid; Sept. 'la- <pu V. r. 'la<payai and ^ayyai, but 'lt(j)ii in 2 Sam. v, 15), the name of two men, and also of a place.
1. The king of Lachish, who joined the confederacy at the instance of Adoni-zedek against Joshua, but was defeated and slain after confinement in the cave of Jlak- kedah (Josh, x, 3 sq.). B.C. 1618.
2. One of the sons of David (q. v.) by some one of his full wives whose name is not given, born at Jerusa- lem (2 Sam. V, 15; 1 Chron. iii, 7; xiv, 6). B.C. post 1046.
3. A town on the eastern part of the southern boun- dary of Zebulon, situated on high ground bet^veen Da- berath and Gath-hcpher oil the north (Josh, xix, 12). Reland {Palcest. p. 826) thinks it is the to^^^l Sycuminum (Jl 'S.vKupii'oq or "ZvKupivwv, Steph. Byz. "ZvKdfiivov), on the JMeditcrranean, opposite Carmel, between Ptole- mais and Cresarea (Pliny, v, 15, 5), according to the I tin. A nion. twenty Roman miles from the latter ; called Jfe- 2)ha ('H^a) in the time of Eusebius (Onom. s. v. 'laipkS'), and still extant (Golii Not. ad A Ifraej. p. 132) under the name of Haifa (Robinson's Researches, iii, 194). He also regards it as the Jebba of Pliny (v, 18), which Ge- senius, however {Thesaur. p. 613), shows is distinguish- ed from Sycaminum. This position does not agree with the requirements of the text. The place has been iden- tified by Dr. Robinson (Researches, iii, 200) with the modern village Yafa, about a mile and a half south- west of Nazareth (Schubert, Reise, iii, 203), where the Italian monks fix the residence of the apostle James (Raumer, Palcist. p. 127). See Quaresmius, Eluciduiio, ii, 843 ; and Early Travels, p. 186 : Mauiideville calls it the " Castle of SaflFra." So, too. Von HarflF, A.D. 1498 {Pilrjerfahrt, p. 195). Although situated in a valley, the tribal line must have crossed ("went up," text of Joshua) the hills on the south of it (Keil, Comment, ad loc). It contains about thirty houses, with the remains of a church, and has a few single palm-trees. Eusebius and Jerome doubtless refer to this place, as "Japhet, in the trilw of Zebidon, still called Jophe, or the ascent of Japho" {Onom. s. v. Japhic). The Japha (lacpd) forti- fied by Josephus (Life, 37, 45) was probably the same, a large and strong village of Galilee, afterwards cap- tured Ijy Trajan and Titus, under the orders of Vespa- sian. In the storm and sack of the place, according to the same writer, 15,000 of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and 2130 made captives (War, ii, 20, 6; iii, 7, 31). With this location De Saulcy {Xarrat. i, 73) and Schwarz {Palestine, p. 170) coincide, as also Van de Velde {Memoir, p. 321) and Porter {Handbook, p. 385).
Japh'let (Heb. Yaphlet', 'oh'^'^, deliverer; Sept. 'la(pa\riT), a son of Heber and great-grandson of Asher; several of his sons are also named (1 Chron. vii, 32, 33). B.C. between 1856 and 1658. It appears to have been a branch of his descendants {Japhletites, ^1323^, Heb. Yaphleti', Sept. 'la(p\r]Ti, Vulg. Jej)hleti, Auth. Version i " Japhleti") that are mentioned in Josh, xvi, 3 as hav-
i
JAPHLETI
r83
JARIB
ing settled along the border between Ephraim and Dan, near (north of) the present Jaffa road, apparently east of Beth-horon, possibly at the present Bdt Unia. Oth- ers, however, regard the name in this locality as a trace of one of the petty tribes of aboriginal Canaanites (com- pare the Archite, '"Archi," in the verse preceding, and in 2 Sam. XV, 32 ; the Ophnite, " Ophni," Josh, xviii, 24).
Japh'leti (Josh, xvi, 3). See Japhlet.
Ja'pho (Josh, xix, 4G). See Joppa.
Jaqiielot. See Jacquelot.
Ja'rah (1 Chron. ix, 42). See Jeiioadau.
Jarchi. See Rashi.
Jard, Fr.vn^ois, a verj' celebrated French Jansenist preacher, born at Bollene, near Avignon, IMarch 3, 1G75, was one of the appellants against the bnll Unigenitns. He died April 10, 1768. Besides his sermons, he pub- lished La religion Ch7-etienne meditee dans le im-itahle. esprit de ses viaximes (Paris, 1743, 1763, 6 vols. r2mo; new ed. Lyons, 1819, 6 vols. 12mo). See Iloefer, Xouv. Bio(j. Generale, xxvi, 372.
Ja'reb (Heb. Yareh', "2^^, i. q. 2'^^'^, contentions, i. e. an adversarj') occurs as a proper name in the Auth. Vers, of Hos. v, 13 ; x, 6, where a " king Jareb" (Ti^P Sll^, Sept, l3aaiXsvQ 'lapeifi, Vulg. 7-ex ultor) is spoken of as the false refuge and final subjugator of the king- dom of Israel. It probably is a figurative title of the king of Assyria (mentioned in the same connection), who, like the Persian monarchs, affected the title of " the great king" (Michaelis, Sirpplem., actually derives it from the Syriac ircb, " to be great") ; here spoken in irony towards the faithless nation as their greatest scourge (Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 1286). Had Jareb been the proper name of the king of Assyria, as it would be if this rendering were correct, the word preceding (~^"?, melek, " king") would have required the article. That it is rather to be apijlied to the country than to the king may be inferred from its standing in parallelism with Asshur. Such is the opinion of Filrst (Ilamln: s. v.), who illustrates the symbolical usage by a compari- son with Hahab as applied to Egjqit. At the same time lie hazards a conjecture that it may have been an old Assyrhm word, adopted into the Hebrew language, and so nioililied as to express an intelligible idea, while retaining something of its original form. The clause in which it occurs is supposed by many to refer to Judah, in order to make the parallelism complete; and, with this in view, Jarchi interprets it of Ahaz, who sent to Tiglath-Pileser (2 Kings xvi, 8) to aid him against the combined forces of Syria and Israel. But there is no reason to suppose that the two clauses do not both refer to Ephraim, and the allusion would then be, as explain- ed by Jerome, to Pul, who was subsidized by Menahem (2 Kings XV, 19), and Judah would be indirectly included. Other interpretations of the most fanciful character have been given (Glass, Phil. Sacr. iv, 3, 17, p. 644).