This will make out the circuit of the general tower of Antonia, the proper castle standing on the south-west corner, and thence extending a wing to reach the tower on the north-west corner; and the two towers on the east side being built up on the basis of the ancient ones. It had gates doubtless on all sides, but, besides that on the soutli (which will be considered under the Temple), there is distinct evidence of none except,
(9.) The Goldeii-f/ate, so called in modern times. It is a double-arched passage in the outer wall of the Ila- ram, now closed up, but evidently a work of anii(piity. from its Homan style of architecture, which would nat- urally refer it to this time of Herod's enlargement of Antonia. Its position, as we shall see, is such as to make it a convenient entrance to this inclosure. See FiixcEi) City.
The eastern wall of the Temple area, which evident- ly served for that of the city, and connects Jose])hus's first and second walls on this part, we reserve for consid- eration under the head Tejipi.e.
(H.) The Third or Outer IFw//. — This was not yet built in the time of Christ, having been begun by Her- od Agrippa I about A.D. 43. Josephus's account of its course is in the following words (War, v, 4, 2): "The starting-point of the third [wall], however, was the tower Hippicus, whence stretching as far as the north- ern slope to the tower Psephinos, thence reaching op- posite the monuments of Helena, . . . and jirolonged through [the] royal vaults, it bent in the first place with a comer tower to the (so-styled) Fuller's monument, and then joining the old circuit [i. e. the former wall], ended at the (so-called) valley Kcdron." It inclosed that part of the town called Bezetha, or the " New City," and was (in parts at leas^t) ten cubits thick and twenty- five high (^ibid.). It was defended by ninety towers twenty cubits square and liigh, two hundred cubits apart (ibid. 3).
(1.) The first mark, then, after leaving Hippicus, was the Toicer Psephinos, described (ibid.) as being an octa- gon, seventy cubits high, at the north-west corner of the city, opposite Hippicus. It was situated quite oft" the direct road by which Titus approached the city from tlie north (ibid, ii, 2), and lay at a bend in the northern wall at its western limit (ibid, iii, 5). All these partic- ulars agree in identifying it with the foundations of some ancient structure still clearly traceable on the north-western side of the modern city, opposite the Up- per Pool. Indeed, the ruins scattered along the whole distance between this point and the present Jaffa-gate suffice to indicate the course of this part of the third
I wall along the rocky edge of the Valley of Gihon. AVe
[ therefore locate Psephinos opposite the southernmost two of four square foundations (apparently the towers at intervals) which we find marked on ]\Ir. Williams's Plan, and indicating a salient point in the wall here, which is traceable on either side by a line of old foundations. These we take to be remnants of that part of this outer wall which Joscphus says was begun with enormous stones, but was finished in an inferior manner on account of the emperor's jealousy ( War, ut sup.). Although no ffate is referred to along this part of the wall, yet there probably was one not far below Psephinos, where the path comes down at the north-west corner of the pres- ent city wall.
(2.) Between the tower Psephinos and the gate lead- ing to the north-west were the Women's Towo-.t, where
! a sallying party came near intercepting Titus (Joseph.
I ir*/r, V, 2; compares. 3). They appear to have issued
j from the gate and followed him to the towers.
(3.) Not very f.ir beyond this, therefore, was the f/ate through which the above party emerged. This could
, have been none other than one along the present public road in this direction, a continuation of^ that leading
1 through the Ephraira-gate up the head of the Tyroi-oe-
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failed to be one at the notch opposite the north-east cor- ner of the present city. Below this spot the ancient and modern walls would coincide in position.
.S. As to the internal subdivisions of the city, few data remain beyond the arrangement necessarily resulting from the position of the hills and the course of the walls. Little is jjositively known respecting the sti-eets of an- cient Jerusalem. Josephus says {iVur, v, 4, 1) that the corresponding rows of houses on Zion and Acra tenni- nated at the Tyropojon, which implies that there were -treets running across it; but we must not think here nf wide thoroughfares like those of our cities, but of covered alki/s, which constitute the streets of Oriental cities, and this is the general character of those of mod- ern Jerusalem. The same remark will apply to the "narrow streets leading obliquely to the [second] wall" on the inside, several times referred to in the account of the capture of the city {War, v, 8,1). The principal thoroughfares must be gathered from the position of the gates and the nature of the ground, with what few hints are supplied in ancient authors. In determining their position, the course of the modern roads or paths around the city is of great assistance, as even a mule-track in the East is remarkably permanent.