(Stuttg. 1809), Ilonnebcrg (Lpzg. 1823), Schlegel (Lpzg. 1775),Mosche (Franckfort, 1785), Ewald (Lemgo, 1785), Fischer (Lpzg. 1794), Kindervater (Lpzg. 1797), MiJsler (Eisenb. 1816), Krummacher (BerL 1817), Jongh (Tr. a. R. 1827), Adriani (Tr. a. R. 1827),Walther (Bresl. 1738; Lpzg. 1777). On his crucifixion (q. v.): Schmidtman (Osnabr. 1830), Neubig (Erl. 1836), Hasert (Bcrl. 1839), Karig (Lpzg. 1842), Stroud (Lond. 1847). See Agoxy; Atoxement. On his words upon the cross : Hopncr (Lips. 1641), Dankauer (Arg. 1641), Luger (Jena, 1739), Scharf (Yiteb. 1677), Niemann (Jena, 1671), Lokerwitz (Viteb. 1680). On his burial: Te Water [i. c. Wessel- ing] (Traj. a. Rh. 1761). See Calvauy. On his res- urrection (q.v.): among others, Buttstedt (Gera;, 1749), Sherlock (London, 1751), Seidel (Helmst. 1758), Weickh- mann (Viteb. 1767), Burkitt (Meining. 1774), Rehkopf (Helmstadt, 1775), LUderwald (Helmst. 1778). Less (Gijtt. 1779), Scheibel (Frankf. 1779), Mosche (Frankf. 1779), Semler (Halle, 1780), jMoldenhauer (Hamb. 1779), Velt- husen (Helmst. 1780), Pfeiffor (Erlang. 1779, 1787), Mi- chaelis (Hal. 1783). Schmid (Jena, 1784), Plessing (HaL 1788), Volkmar (Bresl. 1786), Henneberg (Lpzg. 1826), Frege (Hamb. 1833), Griesbach (Jena, 1784), Niemeyer (Hal. 1824), RosenmuUer (Erlang. 1780), Paulus (Jena, 1795), Pisansky (Regiom. 1782), Zeibich (Gerje, 1784), Rusmever (Grji^h. 1734), Feuerlein (Gott. 1752), Gut- schmidt (HaUe, 1753), Muller (Hafn. 1836). On his as- cension (q.v.), among others: Griesbach (Jena, 1793), Seller (Erlang. 1798, 1803), Ammon (Gott. 1800), Otter- bein (Duisb. 1802),FlUgge (Argent. 1811),Weichert (Vi- teb. 1811), Fogtmann (Havn. 1826), Hanna, The Forty Days after our Lord's Resun-ection (London, 1863).
The following are some of the treatises on the personal traits of Jesus, e. g. his physical constitution: Weber (Hal. 1825), Engelmann (Lpz. 1834), Gieseler (Gcitting. 1837). On his tkess: Zeibich (Witt. 1754), Gerberoii (Par. 1677). His language: Reiske (Jena, 1670), Klre- den (Viteb. 1739), Diodati (Neapol. 1767), Pfannkuche (in Eichhorn's A lly. Bibl. vii, 365-480;, Wiseman (in his Hor. Syr. Rome, 1828), Zeibich (Viteb. 1791), Paulus (Jena, 1803). On his mode of life : Lunze (Lips. 1784), Rau (Erl. 1787, 1796), Jacobseus (Hafn. 1703), Schreiber (Jena, 1743), Tragard (Gryph. 1781). On his intercourse with others: Gesenius (Helmstadt, 1734), Jetze (Liegn. 1792). Respecting the inner nature of his character, the following may be named, e. g. on his (human) dis- position and temperament : Woytt (Jena, 1753), Buck- ing (StendaL 1793), Schinmaier (Flensb. 1774 sq.), AVink- ler (Lpz. 1826), Dorner (Stuttg. 1839) ; on his psychol- ogy, see the Biblioth. Sacra, April, 1870. On his sinless- ness, among others : Walther (Viteb. 1690), Baumgarten (Hal. 1740),Erbstein (Meiss. 1787), Weber (\nch. 1796), Ewald (Hannov. 1798; Gen-e, 1799), Ullmann (Hamburg, 1833, translated in Clark's Biblical Cabinet, Edinburgh), Fritzsche (HaUe, 1835). See Messiah.
Jesus Christ, Orders of. These were formed of temporal knights in the countries paying homage to the Roman see for the protection and promotion of the Roman Catholic religion.
I. Such was the order founded under this name, also known as the Order of Dobrin, in 1213, by duke Conrad of Masovia and Kujavia, Poland. They followed the rules of St. Augustine as a religious society, and their aim was to counteract the influences of the heathenish Prussians, their western neighbors. Their stronghold was the burgh of Dobrin, in Prussia. The insignia and dress of the order were a white mantle, on the left breast a red sword, and a five-pointed red star. The order was merged into the German order in 1234.
II. In Siiain such an order was founded in 1216 by Dominicus. The knights bound themselves to practise monastic duties, and to battle in defence of their Church. It was approved by pope Honorius HI, and confirmed, under various names, by different popes. When Pius V founded the congregation of St. Peter the Martyr at Rome, composed of the cardinals, grand inquisitors, and other dignitaries of the Holv Ottice, this order was
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merged into it. In 1815 king Ferdinand YII command- ed the members of the Inquisition to wear the insignia of the order.
III. Another of like name was started in Portugal in 1317 bv king Dionysius of Poftugal, in concert with pope John XXII, and was composed of the knights of the former Iviiights Templars (q. v.). See Christ, Or- der OF, vol. ii, p. 2G8.
IV. Another of this class was the Order of Jesus and Mary, and was founded in 1643 by Eudes (q. v.). Their insignia are a gilded Maltese cross, enamelled with blue, surrounded by a golden border, and in the centre of which is the name rf Jesus : it is worn at the button- liole. The full-chress cloak is of white camlet, with the cross of the order in blue satin, with gilt border, and name on the left side. The order consists of a grand master, thirty-three commanders (in commemoration of the years of Christ's life), knights of uprightness and of grace, chaplains, and serving brethren. See Herzog, Real-Encyklop.x\.,Q\b\ Pierer, Univ. Lex. ym,SQ^.
Jesus (Holy Child), Congregation of, the Daughters of the, is the name of a society existing in Rome, and was foimded by Anna Jloroni, of Lucca, who in early years went to Rome, and there amassed a for- tune, which she decided to devote to a religious pur- pose. In its character, she made it an institution sim- ilar to that of the '-Hospital Sisters," for the edu- cation of young women, so as to enable them to earn a livelihood. The congregation was confirmed by pope Clement X in 1G73. The number of the members is set down at thirty-three, corresponding v/ith the years Je- sus spent on earth ; they assume the vow of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The novitiate lasts three years, but they may withdraw before taking the vow, leaving, however, to the congregation whatever they may have brought there on their admission. The discipline of the congregation is strict ; the tlress is a full dark brown garment and white cowl. There existed also a similar order under the name of " Sisters of the good Jesus" early in the 15th century. Their main object was the promotion of a life of chastity among females. — Herzog, Rtal-KnciikUip. vi, G15. See Hospital Sisters.