contentions in his day for temporal power might ulti- mately result, as they" eventually did, in the assumption of '• spiritual thingi which do not belong to him." Joa- chim's doctrines, however, are somewhat pecuhar. His fundamental argument is that the Christian ara closes with the year 12()0, when a new xra would commence under another dispensation. Thus the three persons of the (iodliead divided tlie government of ages among them: the reign of the Father embraced the period from tlie creation of the world to the coming of Christ ; that of the Son, the twelve centuries and a half ending in 12(ji), and then would commence the reign of the Holy .Si)irit. This change would be marked by a prog- ress similar to that which followed the substitution of the new for the old dispensation. Thus man, after hav- ing been carnal under the Father, half carnal and half spiritual under the Son, w-ould, under the Holy Ghost, become exclusively spiritual. So there have been three stages of development in society, in which the suprem- acy belonged successively to warriors, the secidar clergy, and monks (comp. Neander, Church llistori/, iv, 229 sq.). As Joachim found many adherents, the third Lateran Council, at the request of Alexander HI, condemned Joachim's " mystical extravagances ;" Alexander IV was still more severe in opposition to Joachim ; and in 1260 the Council at Aries finally pronounced all followers of Joachim heretics. Joachim's ideas were chiefly present- ed in the form of meditations on the N. T. He strongly opposed the scholastic theology, which aimed at estab- lishing the principles of faith dialectically, and also the manner in which Peter Lombard explained the doctrine of the Trinity. Towards the middle of the 13th centu- ry these views had gained a large number of adherents. Among the many works attributed to Joachim some are undoubtLHlly spurious, while others have probably been subjected to additions, etc., in consequence of his popu- larity (compare Neander, iv, 221, note). The Expositio super Apoaili/psim (Venice, 1517, 4to, often reprinted), Conrordue Vetei-is <ir Novi Testamenti libri v (Venice, 1519, 8vo), and the Pmlterium decern Chordtirum appear to be genuine. Among the others bearing his name are commentaries on Jeremiah, the Psalms, Isaiah, parts of Nahum, Ilabakkuk, Zechariah, and Malachi ; also a' numlier of pro|)hecies concerning the popes, and [iredict- | ing the downfall of the jiapacy. All these were pub- \ liahed at Venice (1519-1524) and Cologne (1577). His ! Life was written by (iregory di Lauro (Naples, 1060, I 4to)._ Anion- th- MS. „nrks attributed to him, Pro- \ pheliie el /-.'r/, ,>;/;.,„.„■ sihjilitrum; Excerpfioncs e lihris Joachimi <l, .\hnrlij!„r, ,le Terroribus et yErumnis, seu ' <fe pseudn-t'hridis ; Prophetke de Oneribus Provincia- rum; EpUtohe Joachimi de suis Prophetiis ; smA Reve- lationes, are to be found in the public libraries of Paris. See llUt. Litter, de la France, vol. xx ; Dom Gervaise, Ilitlnire de I'nbbe Joachim; Tiraboschi, Storia della i ktter. Ital. vol. v, 2(1 ed.- Gregoire Laude, Vie de Pabbe I Joachim; Iluefer, Noitr. Biorj. Generale, xxvi, 718; Ne- ! ander, Ch. nixlor,/, Lv, 215 s(i.- Ilerzog, Iteal-Encyklop. j VI, 713 sq.; Engelhardt, ./oacAim, etc., in Kirchengesch. ' Abh^„„lh,„!i,H (Erl. 1832). I
Joachim I au(' II. Sec Reformation (German), j
Joachimites. Sec Joachim of Fi-oris. I
Jo'acim (h.Ktfciju), another Grtecized form of the '
Hell, name .I<..uiiim, api)lied in the Apocrvpha to I
1. 1 he son of Josiah, king of Judah (1 Esdr. i, 37, 38, i
2. Ry corruption for Jehoiachin, the next kinc of Judih (1 Hsdr. i, 43). ^
3. \ son of Zcrul)babel, who returned to Jerusalem after the exile (1 Es.lr. v, 5), apparently a mistake for /Serubltabcl himself.
_ 4. '• The liigh-priest which was in Jerusalem" (Judith »v, <-, 14) ni the time of Judith, and who welcomed the heroine after the death of Holofernes, in company with the ancients of the children of Israel" (,) y.nou-r/r, rCov vii^v I<T()«,y\, XV, 8 sq.). The name occurs with the
various reading Eliahim, but it is impossible to identify him with any historical character. No such name oc- curs in the lists of high-priests in 1 Chron. vi (compare Josephus, Ant. x, 8, 6) ; and it is a mere arbitrary con- jecture to suppose that Eliakim, mentioned in 2 Kings xviii, 18, was afterwards raised to that dignity. Still less can be said for the identification of Joacim with Hilkiah (2 Kings xxii, 4; Josephus 'EXiuKiac, Ant. x, 4, 2; Sept. XeXKiao). The name itself is appropriato to the position which the high-priest occupies in the story of Judith ("The Lord hath set up"), and the per- son must be regarded as a necessary part of the fiction. —Smith. See Judith.
5. The husband of Susanna (Sus. 1 sq). The name seems to have been chosen, as in the former case, with a reference to its meaning ; and it was probably for the same reason that the husband of Anna, the mother of the Virgin, is called Joacim in early legends {Profei: Jac. i, etc.).— Smith. See Susanna.
Joada'nus ("Iwacaj^ocVulg. Joadeus), one of the. priests, " sons of Jesus, the son of Josedec, and his breth- ren," who had married foreign wives after the exile (1 Esdr. ix, 19) ; apparently the same as Gedaliaii in the corresponding Hebrew text (Ezra x, 18) by a corruption (see Burrington, Genealogies, i, 167).