JUDSOX
1087
JUDSON"
feld (ibid. 1858, p. 270 sq. ; 1861, p. 335 sq.), Lipsius {ibid. 1859, p. 39), and Ewald.
The fact, however, that there are several records or recensions of the events contained in the book of Judith proceeding from different authors, and deviating mate- rially from each other, precludes the possibility of as- certaining whose productions they are. All that can be said with certainty is tliat they all emanated from a Palestinian source. As the circumstances recorded are most plainly declared by tlie more trustworthy Hebrew- copies, and in the Jewish prayers, to have occurred in the Maccabiean struggles for independence (circa B.C. 170-160), the first and shortest record of them which •was used for liturgical purposes must be contemporary with the events themselves. The poetical genius of the nation, however, soon embellished the facts in various ways, and hence the different recensions. The Greek version contained in the Septuagint must have been made at a much later period, since the author of it was already ignorant of the time when these circumstances occurred, and, as we have seen, mixed up two totally different records narrating events of different periods of the Jewish history.
VI. Canonicity of the Book. — Though the events re- corded in Judith are incorporated in the hymnal service of the Jews called rilllJ'^, yet the book itself was never in the Jewish canon. The distinction, however, which the Jewish synagogue kept up between treating the book with respect and putting it into the canon could not be preserved in the Christian Church, Hence Ju- dith, which was at first quoted with approbation by Clemens Komanus (£/>. c. 55), was gradually cited on an equality with other Scripture by Clemens Alexandrinus {Strom, iv), Tertullian {De Monog. c. 17), Ambrose {De Offi. Minist. iii, 13), and Augustine {De Dodrina Chris- tiana, ii, 8), and finally was canonized, in the councils of Carthage, by Innocent I of Kome, under Gelasius, and of Trent. Some will liave it that this book is qufitcd in the N. T. (comp. Judith viii, 4 sq., with 1 Cor. ii, 10 sq. ; Judith ix, 12 with Acts iv, 24 ; Judith xvi, 17 with JIatt. xii, 42, 60). Judith, with the other deutero-canonical books, has been at all times read in the Churcli, and les- sons are taken from it in the Church of England in course.
VII. Literature. — The three jMidrashim in Jellinek's Beth Ha-Midrash, vols, i and ii (Leipzig, 1853) ; Jlont- faucon, La Verite de Vllistoire de Judith (Paris, 1690) ; Ilartmann, Utrum .Tuditha contineat historiam (Regiom. 1G71); T)eBo\iaca.sa.,.JudithaJicta (Veron. 1614) ; Arto- poeus, Juditha Epopa-ia (Strasb. 1694) ; Capellus, Com- ment, et Notm Crit. in V. T. p. 459 ; Arnald, The Ajjoc?-;/- pha, in Patrick, Lowth, and Whitby's Comment. ; Du Pin, Histori/ of the Canon (Lond. 1699), i, 10 sq., 90 sq. ; Eichhorn, Einleitung in die Apocryj)hischen Schriften des Alten Testaments (Leipzig, 1795), p. 291 sq. ; Prideaux, The Old and New Testaments connected (ed. 1815), i, 60 sq. ; Whiston, Sacred Histoi-i/ of the Old and Neio Tes- tament, i, 202 ; Reuss, in Ersch und Gruber's Kncyklopd- die, sec. ii, vol. xxviii, p. 98 sq. ; Fritzsche, Kurzrjefasstes exegetuches Ilandbuck zu. den Apokryphen des A It. Test. (Lpzg. 1853), ii, 113 sq. ; Jotanal of Sacred Literature, 1856, p. 342 sq.; 1861, p. 421 sq.; Vaihinger, in Herzog, Jteal-kncyMopddie, vii, 135 sq. ; Keil, Kiukitun(/ in d. A. T. (ed. 1859), p. 698; Diestel, in the .lahrb.fd. Theol. 1862, p. 781 sq.; Lipsius, in Hilgenfeld's Ze'itschr. 1867, p. 337 sq.
Express commentaries on this book alone have been written by Jo3.Conzio,ni'7!in7 -.id (Asti,1628,16mo); Jeh.Low ben-Seeb, ri-Jflni r55^ (Vienna, 1799, 1819, 8vo); Friinkel, ril^ni (Lpzg. 1830, 8vo) ; Is. Sieben- berger, n^-i^ni rs?"; (Warsaw, 1840, 8vo) ; Volkmar, Das Buch Judith (Tubing. 1860, 8vo) ; Wolff, Das Buch Judith (Leipzig, 1861, 8vo). See Apocrypha.
Judsoa, Adoniram, the senior Baptist mission- ary to Burmah, was born in Maiden, Jlass., Aug.9, 1788.
He was the eldest son of Adoniram and Abigail Judson. Before he was ten years of age he had acquired a rejni- tation as a superior student, and in 1807 graduated with the higliest honors from Providence College (now Brown University), being not yet twenty years old. For a short period subsequently he was unsettled in his religious belief, but, aroused by the death of an old classmate un- der peculiar circumstances, he became an earnest inquirer after the truth, and, though not a Christian, was i^dmit- ted as a " special student" in the divinity school of An- dover, and wh^e there was converted, and joined the Congregational Church. In 1809 he declined a tutor- ship in Brown University, and in Februarj-, 1810, formed the resolution of becoming a missionary to the heathen. Several young men joined the seminary at this time who had also been for some time impressed with the need of missions to unchristian peoples, Judson became intimately associated with them, and their zeal finally led them to press this object on the attention of the American churches, and, though not properly the cause, they were the occasion of the formation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, who sent jNIr, Judson to England to confer with the London Mis- sionary Society as to the practicability of an affiliation between the societies and their joint operation in " for- eign parts." INIr. Judson left America on this errand January 1. 1811, but on the way was captured by a privateering vessel, carried to France, and did not reach London till April 6, 1811. His mission failed in its primary object, but was of advantage to the cause of missions in America, for the iVmerican Board resolved to assume the responsibility of sending out its own mis- sionaries. IMr. Judson, after marrying Ann Hasseltine, Feb. 5, 1812, embarked for India on the 19th of the same month, under the auspices of this new organiza- tion. Changing his views of baptism on the voyage, almost immediately after his arrival he sought immer- sion at the hands of Dr. Carey, the Pr.ptist missionary at Seramporc, The Baptists in America were already pos- sessed of considerable missionary zeal and intelligence, and, on learning of Dr. Judson's change of view, were roused to intense earnestness, and in 1814 they organ- ized a denominational missionary society, and took Dr. Judson under their patronage. The hostility of the East India Company towards missionaries was at that time so intense, that within ten days after Judson's ar- rival in India he ^vas peremptorily ordered to leave the country, and, being forced to comply, he took passage in a vessel for the Isle of France, Nov. 30, 1812. He subsequently returned to Madras, but, finding the East India Company uncompromising in their opposition, he departed for Burmah, and reached Rangoon July 13, 1813. Accepting Burmah as his mission-field, Mr. Jud- son addressed himself to the task of acquiring the lan- guage of that country, and not onlj' attained to the greatest familiarity' with it, but spoke and wrote it with '• the elegance of a cultured scholar." At an early pe- riod in these pursuits he published some " Grammatical Notices" of the language, which in a few short pages (only twenty-six) furnish '• a most complete grammar of this difficult tongue." In imitation of the Burmese rest-houses attached to their pagodas for'the accommo- dation of pilgrims and worsliijipers, Mr. Judson insti- tuted a Zyat in the public street for the reception of and conversation with inquirers about Christianity. This was ever a notable feature of his ministry, as he spent whole days thus with the people. ^Meeting with some success among the people, he resolved to go to Ava, the capital, and " lay his missionary designs before the throne, and solicit toleration for the Christian religion." His efforts were ineffectual, and he returned to Rangoon, and made a short trip to Calcutta fur the recovery of Mrs. Judson's health. On July 20, 1822, Dr. Price, a newly-arrived raissionarj' physician, was summoned to attend on the king at Ava, and ilr. Judson was compelled to accompany him as interpreter. WhUe at Ava Mr. Judson became known as the "Religion propagating