Jukes, Charles, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, na- tive of England (1788), was converted in 1812, and join- ed the Chiu-ch of St. Neots, Nottinghamshire, under the ministry of Kev. Thomas Morall. Filled with pious zeal, he began to preach as a layman, with great acceptance, among the destitute villages within twenty miles of his home; subsequently he entered the ministry, and came to this country in 1830. On his way to Canada, on the day-boat to Albany, he preached, at the request of pas- sengers, a sermon from the words " There is a God in heaven who revealeth secrets;" and, at the urgent re- quest of a plain farmer, who was not a professing Chris- tian, he turned aside to preach to two churches in Sar- atoga County, N. Y., to which he was at once called. He was settled successively in Prosljyterian and Re- formed churches at Edinliurgh and Fish House, Amster- darh. Glen and Auriesville, Stone Arabia and Ephratah, and at Rotterdam, all in \. Y. He died at the latter place in 18G2. At (ilen about seventy persons united with the Church during the four years of his pastorate. His great characteristic was his untiring zeal and ear- nestness. He was a bold, catholic, evangelical preacher of righteousness, an excellent jjastor, and a very exem- plary and useful servant of the Lord. His temperament was peculiarly happy; his Christian experience large and varied; his death peaceful and triumphant. See Corning, Manual of the Ref. Ch. ; Personal Recollections. (W.J.R.T.)
Jul, the name of Christmas among the northern IV.-Z z y.
tribes of Europe. Originally it was the name of the old Scandinavian festival of winter solstice, but as the practices of that festival have in the main been incor- porated in the Christmas feast, they term it Jul, See
JUI.ES.
Jules are aerial spirits and daemons among the north- ern tribes, especially the Laplanders, to whom divine adoration is jiaid. They suppose them to dwell under particular trees, and proceed thither to offer up sacrifices once a year, at Christmas time, whence the name of the Christian festival corresponds to their Jul (q. v.). See Broughton, Biblioth. hist. Sacra, s. v. ; Thorpe, Northern Mythol. ii, 49 sq.
Ju'lia ('\ov\ia, fem. of .fiilius), a Christian woman of liome, to whom Paul sent his salutations (Rom. xvi, 15); she is named with Philologus, and is supposed to have been his wife or sister. A.D. 55. — Kitto. " Ori- gen supposes that they were master and mistress of a Christian household which included the other persons mentioned in the same verse. Some modem critics have conjectured that the name may be that of a man. Julias" (Smith).
Julian THE Apostate, emperor of Rome A.D.3G1- 3G3, is especially celebrated by his able and vigorous, but vain attempt to dethrone Christianity, and to re- store the ancient Grxco-Roman paganism in the Roman Emjnre to its former power and glorv. He was the nephew of Constantine the Great, the first Christian on the throne of the Ciesars, and was educated under the restraining influence of the court Christianity of his cousin, the Arian emperor Constantius. The austere, monastic, intolerant, tyrannical, and hypocritical form of this belief repelled the independent youth, and made him a bitter enemy of Christianity, and an enthu- siastic admirer of the heathen poets and philosophers, whose writings, in spite of the severe prohibition, he managed secretly to procure and to study, especially during his sojourn at the University of Athens. ''The • Arian pseudo-Christianity of Constantius produced the heathen anti-Christianity of Julian, and the latter was a well-deserved punishment of the former." But he shrewdly concealed his real convictions, and hypocriti- cally conformed to all the outward rites cf Christianity till the death of the emperor. His heathenism was not a simple, sjiontaneous growth, but an artificial and mor- bid production. It was the heathenism of pantheistic eclecticism and Neo-Platonism, a strange mixture of philosophy, poesy, and superstition, and, in Julian at least, in great part an imitation or caricature of Chris- tianity. With all his philosophical intelligence, he cred- ited the most insipid legends of the gods, or gave them a deeper mystic meaning by the most arbitrary allegor- ical interjjretatlon. He was in intimate personal inter- course with Jupiter, Minerva, Apollo, Hercules, who paid their nocturnal visits to his heated fancy, and assured him of their special favor and protection. His moral character corresponded to this pseudo-philosophy. He was full of affectation, vanity, sophistrj^, loquacity, and dissimulation. Everything he said, or wrote, or did was studied and calculated for effect. His apostasy from Christianity Julian dates from his twentieth year, A.U. 351. But while Constantius lived he concealed his pa- gan sympathies with constmimate hypocrisy for Kn years, and outwardly conformed to all the rites of the Chiu-ch. After December, 355, he suddenly surprised the world with brilliant military successes and execu- tive powers as Ca?sar in Gaul, which was at that time threatened by barbarians, and won the enthusiastic love of his soldiers. Now he raised the standard of rebellion against his imperial cousin, and in oGl openly declared himself a friend of the gods. Bj- the suddea death of Constantius in the same year he became sole empe- ror, and made his triumphal entry into Constantinople. He immediately set to work with the utmost zeal to re- organize all departments of the government on the for- mer heathen basis. He displayed extraordiuarj- tal-