KLUGE
122
KNAPP
that I will redeem mankind." (Comp. Hurst's Hagen- bach, Church History of the 18th and I9th Centuries, i, 249; ii, '277sq.)
The Messiah was first published in fratcmonts. and then as a whole (iUtona, 1780 ; 7tli ed. Lpz. 1817) : it has been translated into Latin, English, French, I'olish, Dutch, and S^vedish. Klopstock also wrote the folloAving shorter poems: Oden ii.Elegien (Hamb. 1771, 2 vols. ; Gth ed. Lpz. 18l'7 ; trans, into English by W. Kind, 1847) :— Geistliche Lieikr (Kopenh. 1758-G9, 2 vols.) ; besides dra- mas under the following titles: Adam's Tod (Kopenh. 17u7 ; 4th ed. 1773) : — Salomo (^lagdeb. 1764) : — David (Hamburg, 1772) ; etc. His complete works have been published mider the title Klopstock' s sdmmtliche Werke (Lpzg. 1798-1817, 12 vols.; 1822-24, 12 vols; 1823-29, 18 vols.; 1839, 9 vols.; 1839, 1 vol.; Kopenh. 1844, 10 vols., with 3 supplements. See Cramer, Klopstock; er u. i'lher ihn (Dessau, 1780, 5 vols. 8vo) ; Mme. de Stael, De VAUemarpie; Klamer-Schmidt, A7()/;stoc^• u. s. Freunde (Halberstadt, 1810) ; H. Doring, Klopstock's Lebm (Wei- mar, 1825); Enfjlish Cyclop, s. v.; Herzog, Real-Encij- llop. vol. vii, s. V. ; Kurtz, Litei-aturgesch. vol. ii (see In- dex in vol. iii) ; and especially the valuable work of Koberstein, Grundriss d. Gesch. der deuischen Literatur, iii, 260 sq., 2884 sq., etc. ; LtibeU, Entwichelum/ d. deiit- schen Poesie v. Klopstock bis Goethe (Braunschw. 1856), vol. i ; Gervinus, Gesch. d. deutschen Dichtuno (Leipzig, 1844, 5 vols. 8vo, 2d ed.), iv, 115 sq. ; British and For- eir/ii Quarterly Bevicu; Jan. 1843. (J. H. W.)
Kluge, David, a German theologian, was born at Tilsit, Prussia, April 14, 1G18, and, upon the urgent re- quest of his father, studied theology, although his own inclinations were in favor of medicine. In 1641 he be- gan to lecture at the University of Kostock, v.here he had pursued his theological studies for several yeai's, in addition to his course at Ktinigsberg Universitj% Later lie travelled abroad, and visited the high-schools of Sweden and the Netherlands. He began to preach in 1644 at JIarienwcrder ; removed in 1646 to Saalfeld, and in 1657 to Elbingen, in 1660 to Wissmar, and in 1665 to Hamburg. He died there April 14, 1688. For a list of his works, see Jiicher, Gclehrt. Lex. ii, 2118 sq.
Kluge, Johann Daniel, a German theologian, was born at Weissenfels June 6, 1701, and educated at the Universities of Leipzig and AVittenberg. He was made a professor at the gymnasium in Dortmund in 1730; in 1735 he removed to Weissenfels as preacher and superintendent of the churches, and in 1745 accept- ed a call as court preacher to Zerbst, where he died July 5, 1768. Kluge was well acquainted with dogmatics and the exegesis of the N. T., as is evinced by his A\Titings in those departments, lie contributed largely to peri- odicals, and published in book form Concilium syntag- matis confessioninn Eccles. Luther (Hamb. 1728, 4to) : — Commentatio de Mart. Chemnitii auctoritate commentitioi honorum operum in acta justijicationis j)i'cesenti(e /also prcetexta (ibid. 1734, 4to): — Commentatio in lociim (Tim. iii, 2) (Dortra. 1747, 4to) : — Ecloyce in pericopas epistol- icas (ibid. 1 748, 4to), etc. Sec Doring, Gelehrte Theolo- \ gen Dtutschlands, ii, 131 sq.
Kllipfel, Emanuel Christoph, a German theo- logian, was born Jan. 29, 1712, at llattcnhofcn, in Wlir- temberg, and educated at Tiibingen. In 1741 he became jiastor at Geneva of a German Lutheran church, and in 1745 he became the instructor and travelling preacher of the king of Saxony, and resided for some time at I'aris. On his return to Saxony he was promoted, and llnally. in 1752, became one of the highest dignitaries in the Church of Saxonj-. He died Nov. 21, 1776. Al- though a superior scholar and a ready writer, Klupfel has left us only two small contributions to theological literature : Dissert, de nominihus, llehrms appellativis Alrph prceformativo (Tiibingen, 1733, 4to) : — Bedenken iiber die Frage ; ob die Ehe mil des Brudeis Wiftwe er- laubt sfi (Gotha. 1752, 8vo). — Doring, Gelehrte Theolog, Deutschkvuh, ii, 123 sq.
Kliipfel, Engelbert, a German Roman Catholic theologian of note, was born at Wipfelda, between AN'iirz- burg and Schweinfurt, Jan. 18, 1733. He received his early education in the school of Wurzburg, and in 1750 joined the Augustinian Hermits of that city. In 1751, however, he renounced his vows at Obemdorf, and went to study philosophy at Freiburg. Next he removed to Erfurt, and was finally ordained priest at Constance in 1756. In 1758 he became professor of philoso])liy at Mannerstadt, and in 1763 at Oberndorf; afterwards pro- fessor of theology at Mentz, and finally at Constance. The Austrian court wishing to replace the Jesuits by the Augustinians, he was made professor of the University of Freiburg, in Breisgau, in 1768. The Jesuits, however, tried to revenge themselves, and Kliipfel's Theses de statu 7iaturce purm imjwssibili were attacked by professor \A'ald- ner as tending to Jansenism. But Kliipfel was sustained b}' the court. After the expulsion of the Jesuits he un- dertook the publication of that gigantic task, Noi-a bib- liotheca ecclesiastica (Freib. 7 vols. 8vo, 1775-1790, after the plan oi ^rn^siV s BiUiotheca Ci'itica),&\\ effort which was highly commended bj' his contemporaries, and even, brought him a recognition from Maria Theresa in her own handwriting, with the proffer of assistance, if need- ed, to complete the work. The Koman Catholic popula- tion, nevertheless, were opposed to him, and when, in a discourse at the jubilee of 1776, he attacked the system of indulgences, he was called by them " IMartin Luther," and " the enemy of indulgences." He was involved in a controversy also with the Protestants by his recension of Semler's Institutio ad Christianam doctrinam Ubercditer discendam. His principal "work is his Instituiiones theo- logim dogmatic(e (1789), which has been used as a text- book in many iniiversities, but was quite transformed by Ziegler. He resigned his professorship in 1805, and died July 8, 1811. Kliipfel was a man of very varied scholar- ship, and, being blessed with a long life and good health, he furnished the world, besides the extraordinary works already mentioned, as a result of his study of the Church fathers, a treatise entitled Tertulliani mens de indissolii- bilitate matrimonii in injidelitate conti-acti, conjuge alter- utro ad Jidem Christi converso (in the first vol. of Rieg- ger's Oblectamenta Ilistorice et Juris ecclesiastici [1776]) : — Vindicim raticinii Jesaice vii, 14 de hnmanuele (1779, 4to), etc. See De vita et scriptis Com-adi Celtis opus piosthumum Engelbeiti Kluepfelii (pub. by J. C. Ruef and C. Zell, Friburgi, 1827) ; J. L. Hug, Elogium Kluepfelii Friburgi; Herzog, Jieal-Encykiop. yu,7Gl ; also Doring, Gelehrte Theol. Dentschlunds, ii, 126 sq. (where, by mis- take, he is treated as Kliipfel, Johann Andreas). (J. H. W.)