Knauer, Joseph, a German Roman Catholic prelate of note, was born at Rothflossel, near Mittelwalde, in the duchy of (Jlatz, Dec. 1, 17G4, and was educated at Bres- lau University. He was ordained priest March 7, 1789, and became at once chaplain to the dean of Mittelwalde. In 1794 he was appointed priest at Alpendorf, and rose gradually to distinction in his Church until in 1841 (Au- gust 27) he was honored with the ajipointment of arch- bishop of Breslau. He died jNIay IG, 1844. — Kuthol. lieal- Enciildopddie, xi, 852.
Knead Qd''0,lusli), to prepare dough by working it with the hands; a task usually performed by women (Gen. xviii, G; 1 Sam. xxviii, 24; 2 Sam. xiii, 8; Jer. vii, 18) ; once spoken of a male baker (Hos. vii, 4). See Dough.
KXEADING- TROUGH (rriX'r-S, mishe'reth, so cnlk'd from t\\Q fermentation of the dough), the vessel in which the materials of the bread, after being mixed and leavened, is left to swell (Exod. viii, 3 , xii, 34 , rendered " store" in Dent, xxviii, 5, 17) ; probably like the wooden liowl used by the modern Arabs for the same purpose. On the monuments of Egypt wc find the various pro- cesses of making bread represented with great minute- ness. ISIen were chiefly occupied in it, as with us at the present day. Their grain was ground in hand-mills, or pounded in mortars, and then kneaded into dough, which was sometimes done by the hand, in a large circular bowl, or in a trough with the feet (Williinson, Anc. Eg. i, 174-G). See Bake. The process of making bread in Egypt is now generally performed in villages by wom- en, among whom proficiency in that art is looked upon as a sort of accomplishment. Except in large towns, each family l)akes its own bread, which is usually made into small cakes and eaten new, the climate not admit- ting of its being kept long without turning sour. When the dough is sufhciently kneaded, it is made up into a round flat cake, generally about a span in width, and a finger's breadth m thickness. See Cake. A lire of straw and dung is then kindled on the tloor or hearth, which, when sutllcicntly heated, is removed, and the dough Ijcing jilaccd on it, and covered with hot embers, is thus soon baked. Sometimes a circle of small stones is placed upon the hearth after it has been heated, into v.-hicli some ]iastc ii poured, and covered with hot em- bers: this ]iroduce8 a kind of biscuit. SccOvex. "The modern Oriental kneading-trciu^h'?., in which the dough is prepared, have no resemblance to ours in size or shape. As one person does not bake bread for many families, as in our towns, and as one family docs not bake bread suf- ficient for many days, as in our villages, but every fam- ily bakes for the day only the quantify of bread which it re(iuires, but a comparatively small (piantity of dough 13 prepared. This is done i:i small ■wooden bov.'ls , and
that those of the ancient Hebrews were of the same de- scription as those now in use appears from their being al)le to carrj' them, together with the dough, wrapped up in their cloaks, upon their shouklers without diffi- culty. The Bedouin Arabs, indeed, use for this puqjose a leather, which can be drawn up into a bag by a run- ning cord along the border, and in which they prepare and often carry tlieir dough. This might ecjually, and in some respects better answer the described conditions; but, being especially adapted to the use of a nomade and tent-dwelling people, it is more likely that the Israel- ites, who were not such at the time of the Exode, then used the wooden bowls for their 'kneading -troughs' (Exod. viii,3; xii, 34; Deut. xxviii, 5, 7). It is clear, from the history of the departure from Egypt, that the flour had first been made into a dough In- Mater only, in which state it had been kept some little time before it was leavened ; for when the Israelites were unexpected- ly (as to the moment) compelled in all haste to with- draw, it was found that, although the dough had been prepared in the kneading-trough, it was still unleavened (Exod. xii, 34 ; compare Hos. vii, 4) ; and it was in com- memoration of this circumstance that they and their descendants in all ages were enjoined to eat only un- leavened bread at the feast of the Passover" (Kitto). See Bread.
EInee (Heb. and Chald. Tp3,6e'reZ-; Qr.yovv; Psa. cix, 24 ; in Dan. v, 6, the Chald.term is ri25'n N, arl-ubak'). The Hebrew word, as a verb, signifies to bend the knee (2 Chron. vi, 13), also to bless, to pronounce or give a blessing, because the person blessed kneels. See Bless- ing. In this sense it refers to the benediction of dying parents (Gen. xxvii, 4, 7, 10, 19), of the priest to the peo- ple ( Levit. ix, 22, 23), of a prophet (Numl). xxiv, 1 ; Deut. xxxiii, n. It also signifies to salute, which is connect- ed with blessing (2 Kings iv, 29). In relation to God, to praise, to thank him (Deut. viii, 10 ; Psa. xvi, 7).
The expression is also, ni another form, used in refer- ence to camels, as to make them bend the knee in order to take rest: "And he made his camels to kneel down without the city" (Gen. xxiv, 1 1). See Camel.