KROCtlMAL
167
KRUDENER
o(]y of the Hindus (1832), art. Krishna; Edward Moor, iliiviu Pantheon (1«10) ; H. T. Colebrooke, Religion of the Hindus (London, 1858); WmAYarA, Account of the Writings, Religion, etc., of the Hindus (4 vols., 1817-20) ; G. Haslam, The Cross and the Serpent (London, 1849) ; G.W. F. Hegel, in the Jahrbiicher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik (Berlin, 1827) ; J. A. Dorner, Lehre von d. Person Christi (Stuttgardt, 1845), i, 7 sq. ; Theo. Benfey, Indien, in Ersch und Gruber's EnctjUop., sec. ii, vol. 17 (Leip- sic, 1840); Biographie Universelle {Partie Mythologique, supplement, ii, 545-550) ; K. F. Stiiudlin, Magazin, iii, 2, 9'J sq. ; Muir, Original Sanscrit Extracts (5 vols., 1858 -1870), vols, i and iv. See Vishnu. (J. K. B.)
Krochmal, Nachjian ben-Shalmon, one of the most celebrated Jewish scholars of modern date, was horn in Brody Feb. 18, 1780. An erudite critic and em- inent Hebraist, he was the first among the Jews who, ivitli a rare sagacity and independence of mind, inves- tigated the Hebrew Scriptures, in order to ascertain the origin, unity, and date of each book, as well as to char- acterize its peculiarity of style and language, irrespec- tive of the fixed traditional opinions held alike by the synagogue and the Chiu:ch about the authors and ages of tlie respective canonical volumes (comp. Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und seiner Sekten, iii, 343). Krochmal, however, on account of feeble health and other infirmi- ties of the flesh, published but little in his lifetime. In many respects he may be likened to the great Jewish philosopher of the 19th century (ilendelsohn), for, like him, he suffered from impaired health, and, like him, he struggled for an education after he had entered the mer- cantile profession. He also gave much of liis time and attention to philosophy, and, as the fruits of his inves- tigations, left in MS. a work entitled More Nehoche Ha-Seman, a treasury of criticisms on Jewish philoso- phy. Biblical literature, and sacred antiquities, which the learned Dr. Leopold Zunz edited and published at Lemburg in 1851. Comi)are also Zunz on Krochmal, in Jahrb.fur Isixielilen (1845). Krochmal was an inti- mate associate of the late Jewish savant Eapoport (q. v.), and is said to have exerted considerable influence over the latter. He died at Tarnopol July 31, 1840. His works, which appeared in the Hebrew annual called Kerem Chemed (vol. v, Piag. 1841, p. 51 sq.), are, on The Sacred Antiquities ami their Import ("ilJ^p HI^SI'S'lp "rsnni) : 1. On the age of the comforting promises in the second part of Isaiah, chap, xl-xlvi, iii which he tries to demonstrate the late date of this part of the volume, and to show that Aben-Ezra was of the same opinion, only that he veiled it in enigmatical language. See Auex-Ezra. 2. On the date and composition of Ezra and Chronicles, with an investigation of the an- cient statement on this subject contained in the Talmud, Baba Batkra, 14, b, which is very important. He tries to trace and analyze tlie dift'erent parts of which these books are composed, and to show that they extend to the destruction of the Persian empire. 3. On the date and composition of Ezekiel, the Minor Prophets, Daniel, and Esther, witli an examination of the ancient state- ment on this subject contained in the same passage of the Talmud, which is stiU more important, inasmuch as Krochmal shows here what is meant by the Gi-eat Syn- agogue, and tries to demonstrate that some portions of the IMinor I'rophets belong to the period of the Greek empire. 4. On the origin and date of Ecclesiastes, in which he insists that it is the latest composition in the canon. See, besides the authorities already referred to, Ginsburg, in Kitto, Cyclop. Bibl. Lit. ii, s. v.
Kromayer, Jerome, a German Protestant di- vine, nephew of the succeeding, was born at Zeitz in 1610, and was educated at Leipzic, Wittenberg, and Je- na. He was appointed professor at Leipzig in 1643, and in 1657 regular or ordinary professsor of divinity. In 1660 he became minister at Zeitz, and in 1661 at Meis- sen. He died in 1670. He wrote largely; the most important of his works are : Commentaria in Epist. ad
Galatas: — Comment, in Apocalypsin : — Historice Eccles. Centuriae XVI: — Theologia Positivo-Polemica : — Loci A ntisyncretistici : — Polymathia Theologica : — some con- troversial tracts, dissertations, etc. — Hook, Eccles. Diet, vi, 501.
Kromayer, John, a German theologian, was bom at Dobelen, in ^Misuia, in 1576, and was educated at the University of Leipzic. In 1600 he was made deacon, and some time after was appointed pastor at Eisleben, and later pastor at Weimar. He died in 1643, after having a short time previously been honored witli the general superintendency of the churches of the duchy of Weimar. John Kromayer wrote Ilarmonia Evange- listarum : — Historiae Ecclesiasticm Compendium : — Speci- men fontium Scripiturw Sacrce apertorum, etc.: — Exa- men Libri Christiance Concordim : — a Paraphrase on the Prophecy and Lamentations of Jeremiah : this is held in high estimation, and is in the Bible of Weimar : — Expo- sition of the Epistles and Gospels throughout the Year (4to) ; and Sermons. — Hook, Eccles. Diet, vi, 502.
KrotOS (/cporof), a word used to signify approba- tion of a public speaker. It means literally a beating, striking, knocking, as of the hands, together ; and lience it was used to signify consent and approbation, either by words or actions. PubUc applauses and acclamations appear to have been common in the early Church. — Far- rar, Eccl. Diet. Sec Acclamations.