Kriiger, Oswald, a German Jesuit, was l)orn in 1598 in Prussia, and made for himself a name by his thorough study of Hebrew, which he taught in the schools of the Jesuits; later he devoted himself to mathematics, and became professor at the L^niversity in Wihia. He died May IG, 1GG5. — Allgem. Hist. Lex. iii, 65.
Krumniacher, Friedrich Adolf, a German theologian and poet, was born at Tecklenburg, in West- phalia, July 13, 1767, and was educated at the univer- sities of Lingen and Halle. At the latter school he en- joyed the instruction of " the elder Knapp," the so just- ly celebrated " pious" professor of the university at that time. In 1800, after having filled various positions of trust, he was appointed professor of theology at the Uni- versity of Duisburg, where he remained until 1806. He then became successively pastor of Krefeld, Kettwich, Bcrnburg, and Bremen. His talents as preacher and administrator caused him to be appointed court preacher and Church superintendent. He died at Bremen April 14, 1845. Friedrich Adolph Krummacher deserves spe- cial commendation in this work for liis piety and the noble Christian example he furnished to his sons, and which became manifest in their lives (comp. Krumma- ciiEn, FniEDKicit Wilhelm). He is especially known for his parables in verse, which have become classic in Germany, and, though he has had many imitators in this line, he has never been surpassed. His works are. Lie Liebe, a hymn (Wesel, 1801 ; 2d ed. 1809):— Pora- behi (Duisburg, 1805; 8th ed. Essen, 1850; French, Par. 1821 ; English, Lond. 1844, 8vo, and often) ■.—Apologien und Paramythien (Duisburg, 1810) : — Festbiichlein, eine
Schri ft fur's Volk (Duisb. 1810, 2 vols. ; od edit. Duisb. 1819-21, 3 vols.) -.—Die Kinderwelt (Duisb. 1806, 1813), a series of sacred poems for children : — Johannes, a drama (Lpz. 1815) : — tfeber d. Geist u. d. Form d. evangelischen Gesch. in histor. u. cesthetisch. Hinsicht (Lpz. 1805), by far his most important theological work : — Bibelkattchismus (Essen, 1844, 12th edit.) : — Katechismus d. chrisil. Lehre (Essen, 1821; 6th ed. 1841) : — Die christl. Volksschule ini Bunde m. d. Kirche (Essen, 1823 ; 2d edit. 1825) : — St. Ansgar, d. alte mid d. neue Zeit (Bremen, 1828) : — Der Haujitmann Cornelius (Bremen, 1829 ; English, London, 1838, 12mo ; 1839, 12mo, with notes by Fergusson ; 1840, 12mo) : — Das Ltben des heiligen Johannes (Essen, 1833 ; Engl., Lond. 1849, 8vo): — i>((s Tdubchen (Essen, 1840, 3d ed.). See JNIoUer, F. A. Krummacher n. s. Freunde (Brem. 1849, 2 vols.); Herzog, Real-Eiwyklop. viii, 118 sq. ; Brit, and For. Evangel. Rev. Ixix, 627. (J. H. W.) Krummacher, Friedrich Wilhelm, one of Germany's most el()C[uent preachers in tliLs century, and the most distinguished of a distinguished famdy, was the son of Friedrich Adolph Krummacher (q. v.), and was born at IMors, on the Khine, -January 28, 1796. After preparation partly at the Gymnasium and partly under his own father, he entered Halle University in the win- ter semester of 1815-lG, and there enjoyed the instruc- tions of Niemeyer, Wegscheider, Geseuius, jNIarx, De Wette, and '• the elder Knapp," for whom young Krum- macher early cherished great affection. Two 3-ears later he removed to Jena, drawn thither by the celebrated philosopher Fries, and the theologian Schott, the well- known editor of a revised edition of the text of the New Testament. To an American student of theology this period of F. W. Krummacher's life presents many points of special interest. He had left Ilalle for Jena determined to sit at the feet of Schott and other cele- brated theologians, but so disappointed was he that he is led to exclaim (in his Autobiography, p. 77), "Nothing remained for me but to seek refuge from this spiritual famine in reading," and, instead of attending faithfully the lectures of his professors, he found it more to his soul's interest to devote his time to the reading of Her- der's Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, his father's Spirit and Form of the Gospels, Kleuker's apologetical writings, and other books of this class. His first appointment as preacher he found, in the beginning of 1819, at Frank- fort-on-the-Main, as assistant to a German lieformed congregation. In 1823 he removed to the village of Ruhrort, on the Rhine, near Dusseldorf, and two years later to Gemarke, a parish in the town of Barmen ; and in 1834 he accepted a repeated call to the city of Elber- feldt. During his residence there a call came to him from the Pennsylvania Synod of the Reformed German Church to come to the United States and fill a profess- or's chair in their theological school at Mercersburg, Penn., a position which he declined in favor of the cele- brated Church historian Philip SchafF, D.D., now pro- fessor in the L'nion Theological Seminary at New York city. In 1847 he was promoted by the king of Prussia, Frederick William IV.to the pastorate of Trinity Church, Berlin, as successor of the renowned pulpit orator ]\Iar- heinecke, who had died in 1846, and he promptly ac- cepted the place. About two years later he became court preacher at Potsdam, the usual summer residence of the Prussian kings, and he died there Dec. 19, 1868. Krummacher was honored with the doctorate of divin- ity by the University of Berlin. He was an active -work- er in behalf of the Evangelical Alliance, and attended all its meetings as long as he lived. Dr. Krummacher acquired a world-wide celebrity by his devotional writ- ings, of which the most important are Flias der This- hiter (Elberf. 1828; 5th edit. 1860; transl. into English and extensively circulated both in England and in tliis country) : — Salomo mid Sulamith (ibid. 3d ed. 1830 ; 7th ed. 1855) : — Die Sabbath Glocke, a series of sermons (Berl. 1848 sq., 12 vols. 8vo) -.—Der leidende Christus (Bielef. 1854, and often ; transl. into Engl, in Clark's Librarj-) : —and last, but hardly least, David, der KOnig von Israel