differs (Schaffhausen,1843); Berl. Zeitschrift fur chrktl, Wissetisdiaft v.christl.Lehen (1857, No. 0) ; Zeit;/enossen (Leipz. 1838), iii ; Adele du Thou, Notice sur Mine. Ju- lienne de Kriidener (Geneva, 1827, 8vo) ; Mahul, .4 miM- uire Neerulor/ique, anno 1825 ; Eynard, Vie de Jhne. de Kriidener (Paris, 1849, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Ziethe, Jid. r. KrU- dener (18G4) ; Hauck, Theol. Jahresbericht (1869), iv, 537 ; Sainte-Beuve, Por/raits de Femmes ; Derniers Portraits Litteruires, etc. ; Herzog, Real-EncyUoj). viii, 1 1 2 ; Hoe- fer, Nouv. Biofj. Genirale, xxvii, 234. (J. H. W.)
Krug, John Andre\Ar, one of the earlier Luther- an ministers who immigrated to this countrj', was born March 19, 1732. He was higldy educated, and was for a time preceptor in the Orphan House at Halle. He came to the United States in 1703, commissioned by Dr. Francke, who considered him well fitted for mis- sionary work. He labored first at Reading, Penn., and among the people of the surrounding countrj-, wholly devoted to his duties, and greatly beloved by the com- munity. In 1771, in accordance with the wishes of his brethren, he relinquished this field of labor, and assumed the pastoral care of the Lutheran Church in Frederick, Md. Here he continued till his death, which occurred March 30, 1790. (M. L. S.)
Krug.Wilhelni Traugott, a distinguished Ger- man philosopher and writer, was born at Radis, near Griifenhainchen, Prussia, June 22, 1770. He studied at the school of Pforta and the L^niversity of Wittenberg, where he was appointed adjunct professor in 1794. In the j'Car following he published Ueber die Perfeciibili- tdt der ffeoJI'ciibarten Reli(jion (Jena and Lpz. 1795, 8vo), a work which was so rationalistic in character that it barred his way for further promotion. In 1801 he be- came professor of philosophy in the University of Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, and here he wrote his principal work, Fundamentalphilosoplde (Zullichau and Freistadt, 1803; 3d ed. Lpz. 1827), which became very popular through- out Germany. Guided by Kant's criticism, Krug pro- fessed a system which, under the name of "transcen- dental synthetism," aimed to reconcile idealism and real- ism. ''According to Krug, the act of phDosophizing is thought entering into itself, to know and imderstand it- self, and by this means to be at peace with itself. The following are his principal points: 1. In relation with the starting-point, or first principle of knowledge : the Ego is the real principle, inasmuch as it takes itself as the object of its knowledge (the philosophizing subject). It is from it that proceed, as from an active principle, the ideal pi-inciples, which are essentially different from the real principles, or, in other words, the material and formal principles of philosophical knowledge. The ma- terial principles are the facts of consciousness grasped in conceptions, which are all comprehended in the propo- sition, / am an agent. The formal princijiles (deter- mining the form of knowledge) are the laws of my ac- tivity; they are as multifarious as activity itself: the first of these laws is, Seel- for harmony in thy activity. 2. How far ought these researches to be carried (the ab- solute limit of philosophy) ? The consciousness is a synthesis of being, or Esse, and knowing, or Science {das Seyii tind das Wissen), in the Ego. Every consciousness is thus circumstanced, which implies that being and knowing are united in us a pi-iori. This transcendental synthesis is therefore the original and inajipreciable fact which forms the absolute limit of philosophizing. Since being and knowing {Seyn nnd Wissen'), united together in the consciousness, cannot be deduced the one from the other, tlieir union is comjilctcly jirimitivc. .'!. What are the different forms of activity? The primitive ac- tivity of the Ego in either immanent (s)ieculative) or transitory (i)ractical). Sensibility, intelligence, and rea- son are its different latencies. Philosophy, regarded as the science of the ]jrimitive legislation of the human mind in all its activity, is therefore divided into a spec- ulative ]iart and a practical yiart. The first part is subdivided into formal doctrine (logic) and material
KRUGER
169
KRUMMACHER
doctrine (metaphysics and aesthetics), inasmuch as the one regards the matter of thought j)€r se, and the oth- er (esthetics) considers it in relation with sentiment. The latter part is likewise subdivided into formal doc- trine (the science of right and law) and material doctrme (morals and religion). Each of these considers the leg- islation of the luiman mind under a different aspect" ('renncman, Manual of Philus. § 421). After the death of Kant, Krug was called to Konigsberg to succeed his great master as professor of logic and metaphysics. He subseriuently tilled also Kraus's place as professor of practical philosophy. In ISO^he became professor of idiilnsophy at Leipzic, a position which he retained un- til 1831, when he was pensioned. He died at Leipzic Jan. 13, 1842, Krug's other W(jrks are Versuch eiiicr systematischen EncijUopddie d. Wissemchaften (Wittenb. 179G-97, 2 vols.; 3d vol. Lpz. 1804) :— J/e6er d. Verhalt- niss d. kriliscken Philosophie z. moralischen, politischen, u. rdifjiosen Cultur d. Menschcn (Jena, 1798) : — Versuch einer s>/stematischen Enojklopddie d. schunen Kiinste (Lpzc. i802) ■.—Philosophie d. Ehe (Lpzc. 1800) :—Briefe iiber d. neusten Idealismus (Lpzc. 1801): — Entwurfeines neuen Organon d. Philosophie (Meiss, aiid Llibben, 1801) : — System d. theoretischen Philosophie (Konigsb. 180G-10 ; four eds. since): — Gesch, d. Philosophie alter Zeit (Lpz. 1815, 1826): — Si/stem d. praktischen Philosophie (Ko- nigsb. 1817-19, 2 vols.; 2d ed. 1830-38) :—IIandbuch d. Philosophie u. j)hilosophischen Literatur (Lpzc. 1820-21, 2 vols.; 3d ed. 1829): — Versuch einer neuen Theorie d. Gefiihle u. d. sorjenannten GeJ'iihlsver/nof/ens (Konigsberg, 1823) : — Pisteolor/ie oder Glaube, Aherfjlauhe u. Um/lauhe (Lpzc. 1825) : — Das Kirchenrecht nach Grundsdtzen d. Vernunft, etc. (Lpzc. 182G) : — AUg. HaivJwOrterhuch d. philosophischen Wissenschaften (Lpzc. 1827-28,4 vols.; 2d ed. 1832-34, 5 vols. 8vo) : — Universalphilosophische Vorlesungen (Neustadt, 1831); etc. His works have been collected and published under the title Gesammelte Schriften (Braunschweig, 1830-34, G vols. 8vo). See Krug, Meine Lebensreise in sechs Staiionen (Lpzc. 182G and 1842) ; same, Leipziger Freuden u. Leiden, etc. (Lpz. 1831) ; !Morell, Ilist. Mod. Philosophg ; Saintes, Hist, of Puitionalism, p. 138 ; Tenneraann's Manual of Philosiphy (by iMorell), p. 4G5 sq. ; ls.Tag, Philosophisches Worter- luch, V (1), p. G17 sq. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Giner. xxvii, 240. (J.ILW.)