Kiichlein, Johann, a German Protestant theolo- gian, was bom at Wetterau, in Hesse, in 1546. He studied at Heidelberg, entered the Church, and became pastor at Tackenheim. When, in 1576, elector Louis expelled the Calvinistic preachers, Kiichlein went to Holland, and for eighteen years held a professorship in theology at Amsterdam. In 1595 he became director of the College of Leyden, and died July 2, 160G. Guy Patin calls him one of the most learned men of his time. His collected works were published at Geneva (1613, 4to). See li.Wittc, BiariumBiogi-aphicum; Meursius, A then. Batar.; IMoreri, iJict. Hist.; Jcicher, Gekhrten Lexilvn; Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generale, xxvii, 256. (J. N.P.)
Kuen, IMiciiAEi,, a German savant, was born at Weissenborn, Austria, Feb. 9, 1709, entered in 1728 the Augustine order, and was elected in 1754 abbot of their monastery at Ulm. He died Jan. 10, 1765. His prin- cipal works of interest to us are CoUectio scriptoruni re- rum historico-7nonastico-ecclesiasticarum varioi'um rcli- giosorum ordinum (Ulm, 1756-66, 6 vols, fol.) : — Joannes de Canabaco ex comitihus de Canabac, qui vvlgo venditur pro autore quatuor librorum de Imitatione Christi, re- center delectus a quodam canonico-regulari (ibid, 17C0, 8vo), written against those attributing the authorship of Z^e Imitatione to Gersen instead of Kempis. — Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxviii, 258.
Kufic "Writing, an ancient form of Arabic char- acters, which came into use shortly before INIohammed, and was chiefly current among the inhabitants of North- ern Arabia, while those of the south-western parts cm- ployed the Ilimyaritic or Mosnad {clipped) character. The Kulic is taken from the old Syriac character {Fs- tr(tngelo'), and is said to have been first introduced by IMoramer or IMorar ben-Morra of Anbar. The first cop- ies of the Koran were written in it, and Kufa, a city in Irak-Arabi (pashalic of Bagdad), being the one which contained the most expert and numerous copyists, the writing itself was called after it. The alphabet was ar- ranged like the IleVirew and Syriac (\vhencc its desig- nation, ABGal) /feres'), and this order, although now superseded l)y an(rther, is still used for numerical pur- poses. The kufic character, of a somewhat clumsy and ungainly shape, began to fall into disuse after about A. D. 1000; Ebn-:\Iorla of Bagdad (died A.D. 938) having invented the current or so-called Neshki QiashaJc, to copy) character, which was stUl further improved by
KUHLMANN
m
KUMARASAMBHAVA
Ebn-Bawab (died 1031), and which now — deservedly, as one of the prettiest and easiest — reigns supreme in East and West. It is only in JLSS. of tlie Koran, and in title-pages, that the Kutic is still employed. A pe- culiar kuid of the Kufic is the so-called Karmatian— of a somewhat more slender shape — in whicli several in- scriptions have been met with both in Arabia, and in Dauphiny, Sicily, etc., and which is also found on a cor- onation mantle preserved in Nuremberg. The Kufic is written with a style, whUe for the Neshki slit reeds are employed. Different kinds of the latter character (in which the alphabet is arranged according to the out- ward similarity of the letters) are the Moresque or Ma- ghreb (Western), the Divdni (IJoyal— only employed for decrees, etc.), the Talik (chiefly used in Persian), the Thsoletki (threefold, or very large character), Jaku- thi, Riliani, etc. — Chambers, Cyclojpcedia, s. v. See Al- piiahei'.
Kuhlmann, Quirinus, a German visionary and re- ligious enthusiast, was born at Breslau Feb. 25, 1651. He began to attract public attention at the age of eigh- teen, when, rising from a sick-bed, he claimed to have been, during his illness, in direct communication both with God and the devil, and asserted that the duty had fallen upon him of revealing to all nations the inspira- tions which he had received from the Holy Ghost. He quitted the University of Breslau, where he had been studying jurisprudence, and went at once to Holland, in 1673, to become a follower of the mystic Jacob Biihme (q. v.), as is shown by his Neubeirjestet-ter Bdhme (Ley- den, 1674, 8vol. He found a congenial spirit in Johann Rothe, of Amsterdam, who claimed to be John the Bap- tist because his father's name had been Zacharias, and to this fanatic Kuhlmann dedicated his Prodromus quiiv- quennii mirahilis (Leyden, 167-1, 8vo). He also sought to enter into relations with Antoinette Bourignon, but does not appear to have succeeded. A letter of his, en- titled De sapientia iiifusa Adamea Salonioneaqua, dated Lubeck, Feb. 1675, shows that he was at that time a res- ident of that citj'. Another, addressed to sultan Mo- hammed IV, proves that he was in Constantinople in 1678. On Nov. 1, 1681, he published at Paris his Ar- canum microcosmicum, curious and scarce, like all his works. After wandering through Switzerland, England, and Germany, he went, about 1689, to Russia, for the purpose of establishing there the " real kingdom of God." At tirst he succeeded in gaining a large number of par- tisans, and he may perhaps be considered as the founder of the yet existing sect of Duchobortzi (q. v.), or spirit- ual wrestlers. But the momentary religious freedom enjoyed by Russia under Basil Galitzin soon came to an end on the downfall of Sophia and the accession of Peter I to the throne. One of the first acts of the latter was the expulsion of the Jesuits, and his sentence of death on Kuhlmann and his disciple, Conrad Nordcr- mann, supposed to have been occasioned mainly by the eiforts of the Lutheran pastor MeineclvC. They were both burned alive at Moscow, Oct. 4, 1689. Besides the above-named works, Adelung {Hist, de lafoUe humaine, V, 9) considers Kuhlmann as the author of forty-two other works, the principal of which are Epistidce theo- sophicce Leidenses (Leyden, 1674, Svo): — Epistnlarum Londinensiam Catholica ad Wickiefio-Waldenses, IIiiss- itas, Zwinr/lianos, Lutheranos, Calvinianos (Rotterd. 1674, 12mo) : — four pamplilets concerning his correspondence with Athanase Kircher were published under the style Kirckeriana de arte mar/na sciendi, etc. (London, 1681, 8vo). See B. G. Wernsdorf, /A- Fanaticis Silesiorum et spectatim de Quir. Kuhlmamw (Wlttembcrg, 16itK, 1718) ; Museum Bremense, vol. ii ; Moreri, Diet. Hist. ; Kncijclop. Catholique de Fribourg ; J. Gagarin, f/ft Document inedit sur Vexpuhion des Jesuites de Moscou en 1689, p. 27 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gmerale, xxviii, 263 ; Rotmund,^/'?- lehrten Lexikon, vol. iii, s. v.; Bayle, Ifist. Diet, iii, 688 sq. ; llagenhach,Vorlesungen iiber Gesch.d. evangel. Pro- testd/itismus, p. 316 sq.