appointed bishop of Meliapur. In 1708 he started again for India, and arrived at (Joa September 25, 1709. Here he now had many difficulties with the civil authori- ties, and finally retired to the Jesuits' establishment at Chandernagore, where he died, June 11, 1715. He wrote, DeJ'ensio Iiidicarum Missionum Madurensis et Carnotensis, etc. (Rome, 1707, 4to) : — Carta esorita de Mudure aos padres da companhia missionarios acerca do V. P. Joiio de Brito, translated into French in the Letires edifiantes et curieuses, ii, 1-56 ; and in the Mer- cure, under the title Lettre dn P. Francois de Laynes, jesuite, etc. (^larch, 1695). See Barbosa Machado, Bih- liotheca Lusitana; P. Prat, Vie de Jean de Brito (2 vols. 8vo) ; Franco. Imaffern da virtude uro noviciado de Coim- bra (2 vols, fol.) ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen. xxx, 41.
Lainez, lago, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, was born at Almancario, near Siguenca, in Castile, in 1512, and was educated at the high-school of AJcsJa. In his nineteenth year he was attracted to Paris by the renown of Ignatius, and at once became one of his most ardent followers. He accompanied Loj'ola on his journey to Rome, and there obtained from pope Paul HI the ap- pointment to a professor's chair in the " Collegium della Sapienza." On the death of the great leader of the Jesuitical order (in 155C) Lainez was elected his suc- cessor, and became general of the order (.June 19, 1557). A cardinal's hat and other high positions he refused, determined to devote all his time and energy to the in- terests of the new order. In the Council of Trent, where, with Salmeron, he represented Ids order, he took an active part, anil opposed the doctrine of Seripando on justification. Lainez appeared on the field of con- troversy more with a work on the subject than with a speech. He had the greatest number of the divines on his side. He also took a leading part in that conned in the discussion concerning the divine right of bishops and the infallibility of the pope. The historians have preserved a very full report of his speech on this point. It contains the most extravagant assertions of pontifical power and authority. Lainez maintained that Jesus Christ is sole ruler of his Church ; that when he left the world he constituted Peter and his successors his vic- ars ; that, in consequence, the pope is absolute lord and master, supreme and infallible ; that bishops derive from him their power and jurisdiction; and that, in fact, there is no power whatever in the Church excepting that which emanates from him, so that even general councils have no authority, are not infallible, do not en- joy the inriuence of the Holy Spirit, unless they are summoned and controlled by papal authority (compare Pallav. lib. xviii, s. 15 ; Sarpi, lib. vii, s. 20; Le Plat, v, 524). Lainez also took an active part (in 1501) in the Conference of Poissy (q. v.), where he aimed to concili- ate the Huguenots (q. v., especiall}' p. 392). At Ven- ice he afterwards expounded the Gospel of St. John for the express edification of the nobility ; and, aided by Lippomano, he succeeded in laying the foundation of a college of Jesuits. He devoted great attention to the schools, and directed the thoughts of his order towards^ education, ^Vell aware tiiat man is most intiuenced dur- ing his whole life by his earl}' impressions. In some parts of Germany — at Ingolstadt for instance — the Jes- uits soon acquired the reputation of most successful teachers. This new direction given to the order by Lainez came near, however, involving them in serious difficulties : the Jesuits had at first attached themselves to the doctrinal views of the Thomists; but, desiring to be independent in doctrine as well as life, the Inquisition soon found reasons to criticise the freedom with ^vhich they pursued their speculations on this point, and Lai- nez himself was suspected by the Spanish Inquisition (see Llorente, iii, 83). He died at Rome Jan. 19, 1565. It was under the guidanJI of Lainez that the spirit of intrigue entered freely into the society. He possessed a peculiar craftiness and dexterity in managing affairs, and was freipiently led by it into lov.- and unworthy tricks. His ruling passion was ambition, which he
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knew well how to conceal iiiulcr a veil of humility and piety. ,Bv liis artful policy lie transformed the charac- ter of the Jesuitical order into a terrible army, that, for the sake of advancing its o\ni interests, shrunk from no attempt to gain its ends; an order which has be- come a reproach to the Church that gave it birth. The .lesuits in the 19th century are recognised as a bold band — an order which dares to undermine states, to rend the Church, and even to menace the pope. See JiistiTS. Lainez wrote several theological works, but none of them had been completed, and nothing from his pen, except some speeches, has ever been print- ed. See Michel d'Esne, Vie de Laiiiez (Douai, 1597) ; 'iiicolhn, Hist. Jesuits, p. 506 sq.; Veisuch einer neuen Gesch. des Jesuiterordens, vol. ii ; Mosheim, Eccles. Hist. iii, 90, n. 20 ; Ranke, Hist, of the Papaqj, 16th and 17th Centuries, i, 145, 153, 163, 399, 585 ; Hardwick, Hist. Ref. ch. viii; Pierer, Universal-Lexikon, x, 31; and for the Roman Catholic version, Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen- Lexikon, vi, 316. (J. H. W.)