Constans were condemned; and the judgment of the council pronounced in twenty canons, which anathema- tize all who do not confess m our Lord Jesus Christ two wLUs and two operations,
II. The councils of 1105, 1112, and 1116, under Pascal II, concern the contest about investitures between the pope and the emperor, which was brought to a close in the Comicil of 1123, called and presided over by Calix- tus II. This body consisted of 300 bishops and 600 ab- bots, all of the Latin Church. The investitiure (q. v.) contest, which began as early as 1054, when, by mutual decrees of excommunication, the breach between the Eastern and Western churches was made final, arose from the claim made by the German emperors to an in- heritance of rights exercised by the Greek emperors concerning the appointment of candidates to ecclesias- tical offices, and their investiture with the right to hold Church property as subjects of the empire. L'nder the new German empire, from t)tho the Great to Henry IV, 930-1050, the popes themselves were confirmed in their seat by the emperor. Henry III obtained from the Council of Sutrj', which was held near Rome, in the midst of his own army, in 1040, the power of nominating the popes, without intervention of clergy or people. The influence of Ilildebrand was now felt — an influence which he had begun to exert from the time of Leo IX, in 1048, and which secured from Nicolas II, 1000, a decree trans- ferring the election of popes to a conclave of cardinals. HUdebrand, as Gregory YII, maintained a celebrated contest with Henry IV, to whom, in 1075, he forbade all power of investiture, excommunicating the emperor the next year, and causing him to do penance at Canossa. With his victorious campaign in Ital}^, 1080-83, Henrj' drove the pope into exile at Salerno, where he soon after died. His immediate successors, however, were such as he had designated for the post, and were the in- heritors of his doctrines and plans for the supremacy of the Church. LTrban II sent forth an encyclical declar- ing his adhesion to the principles of Gregorj' — the Ijic- tatus Grefjorii; and Pascal II (1099-1118), who had been one of Gregory's cardinals, showed more zeal than firm- ness in the same course. In the Lateran Council under the pope, 1105, an oath of obedience to the pope was taken by the clergy, and a promise rendered to f.ftirm whatever he and the Church in council should affirm. The count De ^Meulan and his confederates were excom- municated for having encouraged the king of England in his conduct concerning investitures. Henry \, who, in the rebellion against his father, was encouraged by Pascal, would nevertheless yield nothing on becoming, emperor, 1105, in the matter of investitures, his exam- ple being followed in this respect by England and France. Henry marched into Italy and imprisoned the pope in 1111, forcing from him the concession of rendering back to the emperor the fiefs of the bishops on condition that there should be no imperial interference with the elec- tions. For his weakness in this and m other points the pope was bitterly reproached, and the council of 1 1 1 2 revoked aU these concessions and excommunicated the emperor. Notwithstanding the rebellion of his German subjects, Henry collected an army and invaded Italy anew in 1110. The council convoked the same year thereupon renewed the revocation of the concessions Pascal had formerly made, and anathematized the em- peror. At last, the German people, weary of the con- flict between State and Church, brought about a jicaee- ful compromise in the concordat at the imperial Diet of Worms, 1122. The principles of this concordat were adopted by the council cf 1123. The terms of the com- pact are as follows : " The emperor surrenders to God, to St. Peter and Paul, and to the Catholic Church, all right of investiture by king and staff". He grants that elec- tions and ordinations in all chiu-ches shall take place freely in accordance with ecclesiastical laws. The jiope agrees that the election of German prelates shall be had in the presence of the emperor, provided it is v.ithout violence or simony. In case any election is disputed,
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tlie emperor shall render assistance to the legal party, with the advice of the archbishop and the bishops. The person elected is invested with the imperial fief by the royal scejitre pleilged for the execution of every- thing required by law. AVhoever is consecrated shall also receive in like manner his investiture from other parts (if tlie empire within six months" (Hase, Church Hilton/, p. 200 ; Gieselcr, Kecks, llht. ili, 181 sq.). The pope here made considerable concessions in form, but actually, through his influence, obtained all power at the elections. The council of 1123 also renewed the grant of indulgences promulgated by Urban II in pro- motion of the first crusade in 1095, and decreed the cel- ibacy of the clergy. Twenty-two canons of discipline were established.