them over and make monks of them by establishing in 1201 the order of " Poor Catholics." Unsuccessful in this, he confiscated their lands to the feudal lords, and established an inquisition among them under the direc- tion of Dominic, which was formally sanctioned by the present council. The warfare against them, incited and directed by tlie monks of Citeaux, was allowed by Philip Augustus. Count Raymond of Toulouse espoused the cause of his persecuted vassals. The papal legate, Peter of Castelnau, sent to convert the Waldenses, was mur- dered by Raymond, whose dominions were thereupon assaulted in 1209 by a fiercer crusade of so-called " Chris- tian Pilgrims," led on by Simon de Montfort and Arnold, the abbot of Citeaux. The count of Toulouse submit- ted, but a bloody warfare was prosecuted against Ray- mond Roger, viscount of Beziers and Albi, and subse- quently 200 towns and castles within the boundaries of the two counts were granted to the successful Simon de Montfort. A rebellion, however, against his power de- prived him of all ; but Raymond of Toulouse, who ap- peared at the council of 1215, obtained no favor, and his territory was declared to be alienated from liim forever.
\'L The council of 1512-1517, under Julius II and Leo X, was convened for the reformation of abuses, for the condemnation of the Council of Pisa, and attained its most important result in the abolition of the Prag- matic Sanction. France, under Louis XII, had obtained great military successes in Italy bj- the League of Cam- bray, formed in 1509 against Venice. In the interests of F' ranee, and by the friendship of some of the cardi- nals, Louis XII summoned a Church councU at Pisa, Nov. 1511, which in 1512 was moved to Milan, but was entirely fruitless of results, being dissolved by the pres- ence of the pope's army. Jidius II, thougli at first jeal- ous of Venice, had nevertheless, aroused by the successes of the French general, formed the Holy Alliance with Venice, Spain, England, and Switzerland, and now, at the head of his army, drove the French beyond the Alps, and himself summoned a council at the Latcran May 10, 1512. This council extended over twelve ses- sions, until March, 1517. The bishop of Guerk had ac- tively promoted the summoning of the council, and at- tended as representative of the German emperor. All the acts of the Council of Pisa were at once annulled.. Julius having died in Feb. 1513, Leo X presided over the sixtli session. At the eighth session, in Dec. 1513, Louis XII, through his ambassador, declared his adhe- sion to this Council of the Lateran. At the eleventh session, in Dec. 1516, the bull was read which, in place of the Pragmatic Sanction of Eourges (1438), whereiir France accepted the decisions of the Basle council in so far as they were consistent with the liberties of the Gal- ilean Church, substituted the Concordat agreed upon this year, 151G, between Leo X and I'rancis I. Through hope of increasing his power in Italy, Francis largely sacrificed the liberties of the Church. Several of the articles of the Pragmatic were retained, but most of them were altered or abolished. The first article was entirely contrary to the Pragmatic, which had re-estab- lished the right of election, while the Concordat declares, that the chapters of the cathedrals in France shall no longer proceed to elect the bishop in case of vacancy ,^ but that the king shall name a proper person, whom the pope shall nominate to the vacant see. The Concor- dat, on account especially of this provision, met with great opposition in the Parliament, universities, and the Church at Paris. It was a great advance of the papacy- against tlie liberties of France (compare Janus, Pope and Council, § xxviii and xxix). Neither this council nor the other four, viz. those of 1123, 1139, 1179, and 1215, styled oecumenical by the Romish Church, can be prop- erly regarded as such.
Some writers mention as the sixth Lateran the coun- cil convened by pope Benedict XIII on tlie bull Uni- fjenitus [see Jansesius], and for the pm^iose of general reform in the Church (compare Klemm, Cone, a Bened. XIII,\i\Lat.habitiprwhreve examen (1729) ; WalchjZ'e
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concil. Lut. a Bentd. XIII (Lips. 172G). For a detailed account of the council at the Lateran opened Dec. 8, 18G9, see QJcumknical Coun'Cil, and the article Infal- libility in vol. iv, especially p. 573 sq. See Landon, Manual of Councils, p. '2S7-oi)3; Mansi, C'o««V. vi, 75 ; x, 741,707,800,891,999,1503; xi, 117; xiv, 1-340; Giese- ler, Cfi. Hist, i, 308 ; ii, 131, 184, 195, 38« ; ISIihnan. Latin Ckrisliaiiifi/,in,297, 298 sq.,434, iv, 140, 175 sq.,230; v, 211 sq. ; Cuuniugham, Hist. Theol. i, 417 sq. ; Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, i, 351 ; ii, 200. (E. B. O.)
Latey, Gilbert, an English Quaker, was born in England in 1027. He was one of the most active and efficient members of his society in London. His labors were directed especially to the relief of the more unfor- tunate of his Church. He died Sept. i5, 1705. See Janney, Eist. of Friends, iii, 105,
Lathrop, Joseph, D.D., an eminent Congregational minister, was born October 20, 1731 (O. S.), at Norwich, Conn. ; graduated at Yale College in 1754; entered the ministry January, 1750 ; was ordained pastor in West Springfield, Mass., August 25, and labored there until his death, December 31, 1820. In 1793 he was elected pro- fessor of divinity in Yale College, but declined the posi- tion. He published A Letter to the Rev. the associated Pastors hi the County ofNeio Haven concerning the Ordi- nation of the Rec. John Hubbard in Meriden (1770) : — 3Liscellaneous Collectio?i of original Pieces, political, mor- al, and entertaining {ViSij); and a number of occasional Sermons (Hartford, 1793, 8vo ; 1803, 8vo ; Worcester, 1807, 8vo). Doctor Lathrop was a popular preacher, and his sermons have long been highly commented upon both in this country and in Europe. — Sprague, Annals of the A merican Pulpit, i, 528.