2. I^atin Senses of Greek Words: as Kopnoc (Rom. XV, 28), " fruit," where it seems to be used in the sense of emolumentum, " gain upon money lent," etc. ; tTtaivoQ, "praise," in the juridical sense of elogium, a testimonial either of honor or reproach (1 Cor. iv, 5).
3. Those forms of speech which are proper!}' called Latinisms: as fSovXopii'og -(p uxX(ij to ikcivoj' Troiiitrai, " willing to content the people" (Mark xv, 15), which corresponds to the phrase sntisfacere alicui; XajSiiv to 'iKavbif Trapa, " to take security of," satis accipere ah (Acts xvii, 9) ; ^oq ipyaaiav," grve, diligence," fZa op- erain (Luke xii, 58) — the phrase 7-emitiere ad aliumju- dicem is retained in Luke xxiii, 15; crv <j\pei, "see thou to that," tu vide7-is (JIatt. xxvii, 4) (Aricler, Heinieneut. Biblica,yiennx, 1813, p. 99 ; Michaelis, Introd. to the Neio Test, by Marsh, Camb. 1793, vol. i, pt. i, p. 163 sq. }.
4. Latin Terminations in Greek, Gentile, and patro- nymic nouns: e. g. 'HipwciavvQ (Matt, xxii, 16) and XpiCTTtni'dc (Acts xi, 26, etc.) (Winer, New Test. Gram. ed. Andover, 1869, p. 95).
The importance of the Latinisms in the Greek Testa- ment consists in this, that, as we have partly shown (and the proof might be much extended), they are to be found in the best (jreek writers of the same era. Their occur- rence, therefore, in the New Testament adds one thread more to that complication of probabilities with which the Christian history is attended. Had the Greek Testa- ment been free from them, the objection, though recon- dite, would have been strong. At the same time, the subject is intricate, and admits of much discussion. Dr. Marsh disputes some of the instances adduced by Michaelis (id sup. p. 431 sq.). Dresigius even contends that there are no Latinisms in the New Testament {iJe Latinismis, Lips. 1726; and see his Vindidce Lisscrla- tionis de Latinismis). Even Aricler allows that some instances adduced by him may have a purely Greek or- igin. Truth, as usual, lies in the middle, and there are, no doubt, many irrefragable instances of Latinisms, which will amply repay thf attention of the student. — Kitto, s. v. See Georgii Jlierocrit. de Latinismis Nori Test. (Wittemberg, 1733) ; Kypke, Observat. Sac?: ii, 219 (Wratisl. 1755); Pritii Introductio in Lect. Kov. Test. -p. 207 sq. ( Leipz. 1722) ; A^'etterburg, Be vocibus Ixttinis in N. T. obriis (Lund. 1792): Fougberg, Z^e Latinismis in N. T. (Upsal. 1798); Kapp,Z)e N. T. Latinismis (Lipsiae, 1726) , Wernsdorf, De Christo Latine loquente, p. 19 ; Jahn, A rchir. II, iv, Qlearius, De Stylo Nov. Test. p. 368 sq.; Inchofer, Sacroi Latinitatis Ilistoria (Prag. 1742). See New Testament.
Latin Versions oi-^ the Holy Scriptires. — The extensive use of the Latin as a learned language, and the great influence which the translations in it have had upon all subsequent versions, render them highly im- portant. We here adopt so much of Dr. Alexander's
LATIX VERSIONS
264
LATIN VERSIONS
article in Kitto's Cyclopcedia, s. v., as is appropriate to our purposes.
I. Ante-llieronymian Versions. — Tlie early and ex- tensive diffusion of Christianity amoufz; the Latin-speak- ing people renders it probable tliat means would be used to supply the Christians who used that language with versions of the Scriptures in their own tongue, especial- ly those resident in countries where the Greek language was less generally known. That from an early period such means were used cannot be doubted ; but the in- formation which has reached us is so scanty, that we are not in circumstances to arrive at certainty on many points of interest connected with the subject. It is even matter of debate whether there were several transla- tions, or one translation variously corrupted or emended.
1. The lirst writer by whom reference is supposed to be made to a Latin version is Tertullian, in the words " Sciamus plane non sic esse in Grreco authentico, cjuo- modo in usum exiit per duarum syllabarum aut callidara aut simplicem eversionem," etc. (/)e JSlonorjamia, c. 11). It is possible that Tertullian has in view here a version in use among the African Christians ; but it is by no means certain that such is his meaning, for he may re- fer merely to the manner in which the passage in ques- tion had come to be usually cited, without intending to intimate that it was so written in any formal version. The probability that such is really his meaning is great- ly heightened when we compare his language here with similar expressions in other parts of his writings. Thus, speaking of the Logos, he says, " Hanc Grreci Aoyov dicunt, quo vocabulo etiam sei-monem appellamus. Ide- oque in usu est nostrorum per simplicitatem interpreta- tionis, Sermonem, dicere, in primordio apud Ueum esse" (Adr.Prar. c. 5), where he seems to have in view sim- ply the colloquial usage of his Christian compatriots (comp. also A Jr. Marc. c. 4: and c. 9). The testimony of Augustine is more precise. He says (De Doct. Christ. ii, 11) : '"Qui Scripturas in Hebmea lingua in Grajcara verterunt numerari possunt, Latini autem interpretes nuUo modo. U t enim cuiquam primis fidei temporibus in manus venit codex Gra;cus et aliquantulum facultatis sibi utriusque lingua? Latine videbatur, ausus est inter- pretari." A few sentences before he speaks of the "Lat- inorum interpretum intinita varietas;" and he proceeds to give instances how one of these versions elucidates another, and to speak of the defects attaching to all of them. This testimony not only clearly establishes the fact of the existence of Latin versions in the beginning of the 4th century, but goes to prove that these were nu- merous ; for that Augustine has in view a number of in- terpreters, and not merely a variety of recensions, is ev- ident from his statement in this same connection, "'In ipsis interpretationibus Itala ceteris praiferatur, nam est verborum tenacior cum perspicuitate sententire;" and from his speaking elsewhere {Cont. Fauslum, ii, 2) of "codices aliarum regionum." On the other hand, the testimony of Hilary is in favor of only one Latin ver- sion : " Latina translatio dum virtu tem dieti ignorat magnam intulit obscuritatem, non discernens ambigui sermonis proprietatem" {in Psa. cluiii). On the same side is the declaration of Jerome : " Si Latinis exempla- ribus lidcs est adhibenda respondebunt Quibus? tot sunt enim excmi)laria pene quot "codices." That by " exem- plaria" here .Jerome refers to what would now" be called editions or recensions, is evident from the nature of his 8tatempiit,for it cannot be supposed that he intends to say that almost every codex presented a distinct trans- lation ; and this is rendered still more so by what follows : " Si autem Veritas est (pia-renda de pluribus, cur non ad Gn-ecam originem revertentes ea qu:c vcl a vitiosis inter- prctibui male reddita, vel a pr;esumpt(iribus imjieritis cmendafa perversius vel a librariis di)rinitantil)us addita sunt aut mutata corrigauius" {Prwf. in Evuuijij. Ad. Da- mas.). IClsewhere {Prrrf. in Josnam) lie saj'S also : "Apud Latinos totexerai)laria quot codices et unusquis- que pro suo arbitrio vel addidit vel suhtraxit (juod ei vi- sum est ;" where there can be no doubt as to bis mean-