(4) Uncertain Mttrder, to be expiated by formal disavow- al and sacrifice by the elders of the nearest city (Deut. xxi, 1-0). J \ )
(5) .\Rsrnilt to be punished by lex talionis, or damages (E.xod. xxi, 18, 19, 22-25; Lev. xxiv, 19, 20).
7th Cnminaud. (1) Adnlterg to be punished by death of both ofl'fuders: the rape of a married or betrothed rt'om- an, by death of the oflender (Deut. xxii, 13-27).
(2) Rape or Sedvction of an unbetrothed virtrin, to be compensated by marriage, with dowrv (5U shekels), and without liower of divorce; or, if she be refused, by pay- ment of full dowry (Exod. xxii, 16, 17 ; Deut. xxii, 28, 2'.)).
(3) Unlaipful Marriages (incestaons, etc.) to be punished, some by death, some by childlessness (Lev. xx).
8th Command. (1) Theft to be punished by fourfold or double restitution; a nocturnal robber miglit be slain as an outlaw (Exod. xxii, 1-4).
(2) Trespass and injury of things lent to be compensated (Exod. xxii, 5-15).
(3) Perversion nf Justice (by bribes, threats, etc.), and es- pecially oppression of strangers, strictly forbidden (Exod. xxiii, 9, etc.).
(4) Kidnapping to be punished by death (Deut. xxiv, 7). !»th Command. False Witness; to be punished by lex
talioitis (Exod. xxiii, 1-3; Deut. xix, 16-21).
Slander of a wife's chastity, by tine and loss of power of divorce (Deut. xxii, 18, 19).
A fuller consideration of the tables of the Ten Com- mandments is given elsewhere. See Ten Commandments.
(III.) LAWS JUDICIAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL.
1. Jdkisdiotion.
(a) Local Judges (generally Levites, as more skilled in the law) appointed, for ordinary matters, probably by the people, with approbation of the supreme authority (as of Moses in the wilderness) (Exod. xviii, 25 ; Deut. 1, 15-18), through all the land (Deut. xvi, 18).
{b) Appeal to the Priests (at the holy place), or to the judge; their sentence final, and to be accepted under pain of death. See Deut. xvii, S-13 (comp. appeal to Moses, Exod. xviii, 26).
{c) Two xcitnesses (at least) required in capital matters (Numb, xxxv, 30 ; Deut. xvii, 6, 7).
(d) Punishment (except by special command) to be per- sonal, and not to extend to the family (Deut. xxiv, 16).
Stripes allowed and limited (Deut. xxv, 1-3), so as to avoid outrage on the human frame.
All this would be to a great extent set aside —
1st, By the summary jurisdiction of the king. See 1 Sam. xxii, 11-19 (Saul) ; 2 Sam. xxii, 1-5 ; iv, 4-11"; 1 Kings iii, 16-2S; which extended even to the deposition of the high-priest (1 Sam. xxii, 17, IS; 1 Kings ii, 20, 27).
The practical difliculty of its being carried out is seen in 2 Sam. xv, 2-6, and would lead, of course, to a certain delegation of his power.
2d. By the appointment of the Seventy (Numb, xi, 24- .80) with a solemn religious sanction. In later times there was a local Sanhedrim of 23 in each city, and two such in Jerusalem, as well as the Gieat Sanhedrim, consisting of 70 members, besides the president, who was to be^'the high-priest if duly qualified, and controlling even the king and high-priest. The members were priests, scribes (Le- vites), and elders (of other tribes). A court of exactly this nature is noticed, as appointed to supreme power by Jehoshaphat. (See 2 Chron. xix, S-11.)
2. Royal Power.
The King's Poieer limited by the law, a."! written and formally accepted by the king, and directly forbidden to be despotic (Deut. xvii, 14-20 ; comp. 1 Sam. x, 25). Yet he had power of taxation (to one tenth), and of compul- sory service (1 Sam. viii, 10-18) ; also the declaration of war (1 Sam. xi), etc. There are distinct traces of a "mutual contract" (2 Sam. v, 3 (David) ; a " league" (Joash), 2 Kiugs xi, 17); the remonstrance with Rehoboam being clearly not extraordinary (1 Kings xii, 1-6).
The Princes of the Congregation. The heads of the tribes (sec Josh, ix, 15) seem to have had authority under Joshua to act for the people (comp. 1 Chron. xxvii, 16-22) ; and in the later times "the princes of Judah" seem to have had power to control both the king and the priests (see Jer. xxvi, 10-24 ; xxxviii, 4, 5, etc.).
3. RoYAi, Revenue.
(1) Tenth of pro4uce.
(2) Domain land (1 Chron. xxvii, 26-29). Note confisca- tion of criminal's land (1 Kings xxi, 15).
(3) Bond service (1 Kings v, 17. IS), chiefly on foreigners (1 Kings ix, 20-22; 2 Chron. ii, 16, 17).
(4) Floelcs and herds (1 Chron. xxvii, 29-31).
(5) Tributes (gifts) from ftn-eign kings.
(6) Commerce; especially in Solomon's time (1 Kings x, 22, 29, etc.).
(IV.) ECCLESIASTICAL AND CEREMONIAL LAW. 1. Law of Sacrifice (considered as the sign and the ap- pointed means of the union with God, on which the holiness of the people depended). (a) Ordinary Sacrifices, (a) The whole Burnt-Offering (Lev. i) of the herd or the flock ; to be offered continually (Exod. xxix, 3S-42) ; and the fire on the altar never to be extinguished (Lev. vi, 8-13). (6) The Meat-Offering (Lev. ii ; vi, 14-23) of flour, oil, and frankincense, unleavened, and seasoned with salt.
(c) The Peace-Offcring (Lev. iii ; vii, 11-21) of the herd or the flock ; either a tbank-oflering, or a vow, or free-will ofl'ering.