Govern-
Roman
Per
Prot- 1 Per
Israel-
Per
ment.
Catholics.
Cent.
estHnts.
ct.
ites.
Cent.
a .
Grodno .
265,506
29.7
7,339
0.8
99,473
11.1
■ 958,852
Minsk. . .
1S.5,3S0
18.5
1,.360
0.1
97,830
9.8
l,135,58s
Mohilev.
37,on3
4.0
525
. —
122,662
13.3
908,858
Vlhm . . .
568,890
61.0
1,879
0.2
104,007
11.6
973,57-!
Vitebsk . Total . .
200,381
26.6
12,343
1.6
70,520 494,492
9.1
838,046
1,263,161
27.9 23,446
0.7
11.0
4,814,9ls
See Krause, Lithauen u. (lessen Bewohiier (Halle, 1834) ; Glagau, Lithauen unci Lithauer, gesummelte Skizzen (Til- sit, 18G'.>). (A. J. S.)
Litter occurs in the Auth. Vers, as a translation of S^ {tsab, from 33^, to move slowly), in Isa. Ixvi, 20, (Sept. XafiTTiji'ii), where a sedan or palanquin for the conveyance of a princely personage, borne by hand or upon the shoulders, or perhaps on the backs of ani- mals, is evidently referred to. The original term oc- curs elsewhere only in Numb, vi, 3, in the phrase "73" 2^ (ef/loth' tsab, carts oj' the lifte?- kind, A. Y. "covered wagons"), where it is used of the large and commodious vehicles employed for the transportation of the mate- rials anil furniture of the tabernacle, being drawn by oxen. The term therefore signifies properly a hand- litter, and secondarily a wain or wheel-carriage. Lit- ters or palanquins were, as we know, in use among the ancient Egyptians. They were borne upon the shoul-
Ancieul Egyptian Palaiu|uiii, coutainiug a military chief, borne by four men, with an attendant carrying a para- sol behind him.
ders of men, and appear to have been used for carrying persons of consideration short distances on visits, like the sedan chairs of a former day in England (see Wil- kinson, .1 iw. E(j. i, 73). In Cant, iii, 9, we tind the wortl *|i"'"IQ><, appirijon' (perhaps a foreign [Egyptian] word), Sept. cpoptiov, Vidg. ferculum, which occurs nowhere else in Scripture, and is applied to a vehicle used by king Solomon. In the immediate context it is described as consisting of a framework of cedar-wood, in which were set silver stanchions supporting a gold raUing, with a purple-covered seat, and an embroidered rug, the last a present from the -Jewish ladies. This word is rendered '' chariot" in our Authorized Version, although unlike any other word so rendered in that version. It literallj' means a moving couch, and is usually conceived to denote a kind of sedan, litter, or rather palanquin, in which great personages and women were borne from place to place. " The name as well as tlie object im- mediately suggests that it may have been nearly the same tbing as the takht-ravan, the morhuj throne or seat of the Persians, It consists of a light frame fixed
Modern Persian covered Palanquin.
on two strong poles, like those of our sedan chair. This frame is generally covered with cloth, and has a door, sometimes of lattice-work, at each side. It is carried by two mides, one between the poles before, the other be- hind. These conveyances are used by great persons when disposed for retirement or ease during a journey, or when sick or feeble through age ; but they are chietly used by ladies of consideration in their journeys" (Ivit- to). Some readers may remember the "litter of red cloth, adorned with pearls and jewels," together with ten mules (to bear it by turns), which king Zahr-Shah pre- pared for the journey of his daughter (Lane's Arabian Nights, 1, 528). This was doubtless of the kind which is borne by four mules, two behind and two before. In Arabia, or in countries where Arabian usages prevail, two camels are usually employed to bear the takht- ravan, and sometimes two horses. When borne by camels, the head of the hindmost of the animals is bent painfully down under the vehicle. This is the most
Double Palanquin of Modern Syria, comfortable kind of litter, and two light persons may travel in it. " The shibrieyeh is another kind of camel- litter, resemblitig the Indian howdah, h\ which name (or rather hodaj) it is sometimes called. It is com-
Camel beaini^ the Hudaj.
posed of a small square platform with a canopy or arched covering. It accommoilates but one person, and is ]ilaced upon the back of a camel, and rests upon two siptare camel-chests, one on each side of the animal" (Kitto), See Cakt; Camel.
Little Christians is the name of a new sect, com-
LITTLE HORN
456
LITURGY
posed of members lately (1868) seceded from the Eus- so-(;reek; Churcli at Atkarsk, in the province of Sar- atof, and diocese of the bishop of Tsaritzin. The se- ceders from the orthodox Church, or founders of this new sect, were only sixteen persons in number. " They set up a new religion, and began to preach a gospel of their own devising." They condemned saints and altar- pieces as idolatrous, and abandoned the use of bread and wine in the sacrament. Before they founded the new Church, which, they claim, Christ commanded them to do, they were immersed, and also fasted and clianged
secular character — those, for instance, which had refer- ence to the supervision of theatrical exhibitions or the presiding in the public assemblies. The religious mean- ing of the word in such case was not necessarily in- volved. In Isa. vii, 30 (Sept.), the idea of religions ser- vice predominates; in IJom. xiii, 6, that of the secular, as under God; and again, in Luke i, 23, and in Heb. x, 11, it refers to the priestly function. At a later period we find it used by Eusebius {Life of Constuniine, iv, 47) in speaking of the work of the Christian ministry. By a very natural process, the word, which thus designated